Preventing Animal Abuse

Preventing Animal Abuse 1. Introduction Animal abuse is the form of mistreatment of animal that is often falls into three  categories: neglect, intentionally and unintentionally. Firstly, failure to give  daily necessities to the animal such as food would be classified as neglect. Next,  for intentionally, these people abuse animal for entertainment purposes to earn  their daily expenses or for their own excitement and enjoyment. Some may even  inflict harm on the animal in order to feel more superior or gain control. Lastly,  for unintentionally, these people do not know what the correct ways to treat  animal or they do know that they were actually mistreating the animal. For  instance they felt that there is a need to beat their pets in order to discipline  them. (OntarioSPCA 2009). This report will show that animal abuse is not right hence the purpose of this report is to educate people the various measures preventing or minimising animal abuse. It also cover the different organizations that stop and prevent  animal abuse. 2. Reason to stop animal abuse Research in psychology and criminology shows that people who commit an act  of cruelty towards an animal don’t stop there. They are at a higher risk and  chance to commit property crime compared to those who do not have any  history of animal abuse (Goleman, 1991). Hence it is very important to stop  animal abuse so that crime rates will not further increase in the future. For  example there was an article stating that Carroll Edward Cole was a serial killer  had murdered as many as 35 women in the 1970s, and was executed in 1985. His first violent act was strangling a puppy (Newton, 2001). Eric Harris and  Dylan Klebod the Columbian High School shooters had bragged to friends  about injuring animals before murdering a total of 12 students and one teacher. On top of that, they set a bomb which could have wiped out 600 people (Cullen,  2004). Furthermore, the number of cases for animal abuse has increased to more  than 65% for the past five years, not to mention that it is wrong for people to abuse others especially animals who cannot even speak or defend for  themselves (Degenhardt, 2005). 3. Measures to stop animal abuse There are a few measures that can be taken to stop animal abuse. First of all,  schools must educate the younger ones the right way to treat animals as it is  important for people to have the right mentality towards how to treat animals  from young. School can do so by conducting lessons and invite organization  like SPCA to conduct talks about animal abuse (Drake, 2010). Empathize that  animal abuse is consider a crime in Singapore which people can be jailed up to  a year or fined ten thousand dollars or both (Tan, 2014).Next, the government  can also stiffen the penalties of animal abuse. With that, people will most likely  not repeat the same mistake as people do not want to experience the strict  penalties (Kim, 2010). Last but not least, before individual or family buy or  adopt a pets, they must think whether they are financially stable enough to own  a pet so that they will be able to provide their pets with daily necessities like  food. Furthermore, ow ning a pet need a lot of commitment, for instance owning  a puppy will need to have a commitment of 10 years or so. They need to think  whether they are mentally prepare to own a pets or it will lead to the neglecting  of animals and that is a form of animal abuse (ASPCA, n.d). 4. Organization that prevent animal abuse There have been different organization against the idea of animal abuse and  took measures to prevent it from happening. Some of the organizations are â€Å"The  American Society for the Prevention of Animal Cruelty (ASPCA), Cats Welfare  Society (CWS) and Animal Concern Research Education Society (ACRES). These organization help to spread and inspire people around the world to stop  animal abuse through the internet and campaign. 4.1. American Society for the Prevention of Animal Cruelty (ASPCA) The American Society for the Prevention of Animal Cruelty (ASPCA) is the  first humane organisation in the Western Hemisphere. The ASPCA work  nationally to help animals from being abused, pass humane laws and share  resources with many shelter across the world. They operate in many  programme areas, such as Anti-Cruelty, Animal Health Service, Community  Outreach and Government Relationship. They help to legislate animal cruelty  laws by lobbying for stronger humane legislation nationwide (ASPCA, n.d). 4.2. Cat Welfare Society (CWS) The Cat Welfare Society (CWS) aims to promote a humane, responsible and  informed society in Singapore so that cat can be treated responsibility. They  actively promote sterilisation as a personal responsibility of cat owners to  prevent further population to increase instead of destruction. For instance  records have been showing that 13,000 community cats were put down every  year, and the root cause of the problem is that there were too many cats being  born. The CSW also work closely with all the Town Council, Housing  Development Board, National Environment Agency and Agri-food   Veterinary Authority of Singapore to resolve cat issues humanely. (CWS, n.d). 4.3. Animal Concern Research Education Society (ACRES) Animal Concern Research Education Society (ACRES) wanted to create a  world where animals are treated with compassion and respect and to improve  the living condition and welfare of animals in captivity. They also educate  people and the public to promote actively community involvement in the animal  protection movement. Furthermore they also strive towards synergistic  partnership with authorities and relative parties (Schweitzer, 2009). 5. Conclusion In conclusion, organizations and society have already started to take action  against animal abuse as research have shown that animal abuse have brought  about a negative impact to the people. Hence I think that animal abuse is wrong  and should be stop and prevented so that the number of case will not increase  any further. References: ASPCA (n.d), Programs and Service Retrieved from: http://www.aspca.org/about-us/programs-and-services Cullen (2004), The Depressive and the Psychopath Retrieved from: http://www.slate.com/articles/news_and_politics/assessment/2004/04/the_depressive_and_the_psychopath.3.html CWS (n.d), Our Mission Retrieved from: http://catwelfare.org/aboutus Drake (2010), The Answer to Preventing Animal Abuse: Humane Education? Retrieved from: http://www.care2.com/causes/humane-education-is-the-answer.html Goleman (1991), Animal Cruelty May Be A Warning Retrieved from: http://www.peta.org/issues/companion-animal-issues/companion-animals-factsheets/animal-abuse-human-abuse-partners-crime/ Newton (2001), Carroll Edward Cole Fact, Retrieved from: http://www.crimelibrary.com/serial_killers/predators/edward_cole/3.html OntarioSPCA (2009), What is Animal Cruelty, Retrieved from: http://www.ontariospca.ca/what-we-do/investigations/animal-cruelty-resources/what-is-animal-cruelty.html Schweitzer (n.d), The Importance of Humane Education Retrieved from: http://www.acres.org.sg/humaneeducation/importance.html Tan (2014), Penalty of Animal Abuse, Retrieved from: https://sg.news.yahoo.com/man-fined-maximum10-000-for-animal-cruelty-after-dog-s-death-041721997.html

Concepts of Kinship and Biology

Concepts of Kinship and Biology Does kinship ultimately refer to biology? In this essay, I will explore the ways in which kinship ultimately refers to biology. I will first define what kinship is and how it is viewed from the western perspective. From there I will provide accounts of biology and genealogies and provide a basic definition. I will approach the argument how modern ideas and technology are changing kinship if defined through biological means. I will illustrate examples of genetics, new types of parents, how the family is a public discourse. I then will look at how kinship is viewed in reference to biology and genealogy. If it is defined as being consanguinity, it is flexible and can be expanded to accept new types of kinship. It is argued that kinship is not ultimately biological as the idea assists people to overcome infertility, to give everyone a chance to have a family and new types ultimately expand the concept of kinship. I will conclude by stating that the family a social system, it will adapt t how society changes as well as a cultural construct that represents the ritual and symbolic identity of bondage also the underlying of economic exchange that characterize reciprocity but to ultimately refer to biology I shall conclude kinship is held within the mind of an individual. From this, the opportunity in modern state to conceive is available to every individual. A key aspect of a family is kinship. Malinowski believed kinship to be consist of emotional attachments of individuals that exist to fulfill a purpose through customs that provide current meaning for members of that society. However, Freud saw that the key to understanding kinship would explain adaptive functions to the unconscious mind and how these adaptations derive from social problems (namely incest taboo) lead to the foundations of individual identities. The society was the family. The As with the principle hunting and fishing. Schneider believes western and American culture defines kinship as a system of relation, where it reflects real or assumed biological connections. From this, he also argues that what differentiates kinship from other systems is genealogy. It separates people from their friends, co-workers and neighbours (Stone 2001).The social notion of a family is based on the idea that our relationships with an obligation towards people we identify as part of the famil y will in some way be different from and often, by implication, closer than other relationships, such as friendships. Anthropologists look at relationships by blood or marriage as grounds for kinship as a social institution. In the Amazon, kinship is dually the origin for social organization (Levi-Strauss, 1982) and social relatedness (Carsten, 2000). This is seen as a ‘socio-cultural explanation. However, when collecting genealogies, biological explanations of kinship are not prescribed. Genealogies are a method in which to trace an individuals kin and family relationships for reference and address. Kinship relations are based on genealogies consistent with their folk culture theory and their idea of human production (1973 Cited in Stone 2001). The limitations of kindred and descent-based groups are shifting constantly. According to rules of kinship relationships distinct to biological roots, practices are flexible and integrate systems. These have no relation to any biological relationships. There are two opposing arguments of kinship values and defines it. Kinship and family cannot be defined in one aspect, it is multifaceted; it can be both founded on nature or culture (Akesson 2001) especially evident in consanguinity, friendship, affinity and name-sharing. The compadrazgo in Mexico form a trinity of kinship based on close ties between parents, godparents and child. Encountering a symbol of spiritual belonging providing a cultural idiom of behaviour which constitutes groups in society, indentifying a range of social relationships. As a form of address and reference metacommiunication by Gregory Bateson. A ritual of language between its fellow kinsmen. An immediate feature of kinship in New Guinea informs us that kin and family relationships can form and expand if people acknowledge nonkin relationships as a formula to genealogy. If regards are towards defining social relationships by means of kin or not, then a close relation towards someone can be stipulated. Consequently, the unusual sight of brother sister and cousins informally are as sibling in the sense of fellow kinsmen, even if the Trobrianders have no consanguineal or affinal relationship. ‘It is not the physical bond of common blood; it is the social acknowledgment and interpretation of it (Malinowski 1913) Like in Hawaii society, the general use of kin terminology compared to the western tradition, children call all members of their parental guardians father and mother because parenthood is unfeasible to ascertain. Personal names in referring to or addressing individuals shows this method of communication as being of genealogical relationships. A ritual in which continues a kinship relationship between the community in everyday interaction. Unblood related attachments of persons bond together as cousins in Hawaiian society can establish a relationship by naming each other kin meaning cousin. However, in accepting the naming and bondage implications this means the behavior and expectations of cousin is also implied. The treatment of such should be of equal status and respect regardless of any age. Such use of kin terms illustrates Schneiders argument that the recording and listing of kinship terms does not mean that their designation will follow accordingly (1968). As such, a modeled family in Chinese historical sources was seen as hierarchical clan members and lineage of social strata. Government based kinship ethics and kinship forms of power, it is appropriate that Confucius always looked back to the ancient past of the Three Dynasties. (Lewis 1990: 28-36). Members of each clan were said to be descendents of a mutual mythological ancestor. And shared a common emblem (totem), which signified their common character. Arguable, relating kinship to hierarchal status, orders the strengthening of state which results in kinship partnership in a political social life. Using the idiom of kinship implies that all exchanges even political are based on trust, are uncompetitive, and lack selfishness sand that relationship have long-term stability. Theses are fictive affinal and even blood kin these ideological assumptions do not always hold up. Exchanges create alliances. Families are being regulated by state governance, thus the family social life and government are institutional based on kinship forms of power. Rights and obligations to Jamaican mother and father through blood relations in providing financial support and caretaking services (Sobo 1993:79) As we can see kinships represent symbolic ideals of meaning which explain an integral and wider set of transitional symbols to convey implicit meanings for which are used regularly and ‘consciously to construct the idea of community. No matter what they project to the world they choose what will define them. No matter what their biology is, people can socially define themselves; the self is socially constructed (Shanley 2001 and Strathern 1992)). The understanding of kinship and family is a complex set of networks and patterns of relationships intertwined with intricate meanings. Kinship provides a framework where its cultural context can mobilize human behaviors. Freuds Totem and Taboo highlights the importance of religion and ritual in kinship and social organizations. However, to understand kinship one must understand the importance and relevance of and for term referred to as kinship other than accepting the restrictions of genealogy and its implications. Realizing its flexibility it constitutes boundaries is not without obligation. Paternity is established by (one of) the mothers sexual partners by giving numerous gifts to the midwife (Galvin 2001) As a social system, kinship embodies intervention, and new boundaries emerge. There is a new type of kinship because in present day, we live in a highly individuals society (Franklin 1999). An individual is defined by what they absorb from their environment. They choose what they project to the world and they choose what will define them. Practical reasons may trigger these activities whereby a male may not have any male siblings (brothers) and not able to interact or relate to his sister and look to depend on a close nit relationship with males outside of his kin group for belonging or social activities such as fishing and hunting. In exploration, parentages suffer consequences from internal fragmented kin relations extra need and related sentiments beyond ones boundaries can elevate into new cultures and subcultures. They provide men with models which are imperative to mans relationship to society and nature. The social construction enables friends to help and assist one another an d because of the development of integration with different relationships are classified as kinship and provide a sense of unity and identity. So, if human activity changes, the cultural context e.g kinship, should change as well. Thus it is the institutional aspect of peoples interactions that create a family (Strathern 1999). Weimatel observed Zumbagua in Ecuador, kinship is based on social conditions. That sharing food and time is what forms a family. Through nurturing, children and adults create binding kin relationships (1995). Individuals remain kin under the sharing of game and fish and also in physical absense if they choose this path. The ideals of the body idioms are also embodied in Amazonian societies. For example, ‘raw and the cooked (Levi-Strauss) shows an understanding of identity in a universal symbolic natural habitats of commensality. Through social exchange, social values and commodity exchange a semiotic use of the body creates personal identities and kinship ties. However, I f people so wish not to share or participate in obligations with to maintain an extended kinship these boundaries are optional. Therefore, there are no constraints on consanguineal kin as a system. Communities are not solely the product of biologically inherited drives releases from cultural constraints. Rather it is a product of peculiarity cultural meaning and social affairs bound in a manner that permits freedom of choice. The significance is individuality, kinship as and symbol and society an expression. It shapes and modes these peoples lifes and the ways in which they relate to each other, its a crucial concept in defining their social being. Furthermore, Schneider remarks that in American kinship, sexual intercourse is the natural act of procreation (Cited in Strathern). Sex is a way in which unifies male and female to share their biological substance. But, with aligning to modern procedures, new technologies of procreation allow lesbian and gay couples to have a family using assisted conception. This challenges the notion of kinship in a way that it does not involve a heterosexual couple and that the child is not biologically related to both parents. Stable family boundaries are now placed under threat (Stanley 2001). Artificial processes seem to replace natural ones (Strathern 1992). ‘Bonds between family members that people had once thought of as unchangeable to given were now viewed as established by human intention and will )Shanley 2001:88). Moreover, Kath Weston explores the topic of gay and lesbian couples having families through new reproductive systems, and she points that from this, it challenges Schneid ers account that in American kinship, families are based on procreation. For example An adopted son. The use of such language suggests that the relationship between parents and son is regarded as real as if the child were the parents biological offspring. Kinship is rhetoric of social relatedness, as Guemple argues (1972b), but whether based on biology or affinity, it is real as long as people see it as such. REFERENCES Freud, Sigmund. 1958 [1913]. Totem and taboo: Some points of Agreement between the Mental Lines of Savages and Neurotics. In SE. Vol. 13, PP. IX-162. Malinowski, Bronislaw. 1922. Argonauts of the Western Pacific. London. Lewis, I. M. 1971. Ecstatic Religion; An Anthropological Study of Spirit Possession and Shamanism. Harmondsworth. Levi-Strauss, Claude. 1969 [1964]. The Raw and the Cooked: Introduction to a Science of Mythology. Vol. 1. London. Schneider, Daniel. 1980. [1968]. American Kinship. Account. 2nd ed. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press Ltd. Shanley, Mary Lyndon (2001) Making Babies, Making Families: What Matters Most in an Age of Reproductive Technologies, Surrogacy, Adoption, and Same-Sex and Unwed Parents. Boston: Beacon Press. Stone, Linda. 2001. ‘Chapter One: Introduction In New Directions in Anthropological Kinship Oxford: Rowman and Littlefield Publisher. Ltd pp. 1-20. Strathern, Marilyn (1992) After Nature: English Kinship in the Late Twentieth Century. Cambridge University Press.

The Role of the Supreme Court in the Civil Rights Movement Essay

The Supreme Court was important in both suppressing and aiding the Civil Rights Movement. However, decisions taken by the President, the continued white opposition and improvements in media communications also had an effect. Although all were important, the Civil Rights movement alone would have reached the same end without the help of the Supreme Court, and the devotion of its many members and leaders is the major factor in advancing Civil Rights. The Supreme Court is perhaps most well known for the Brown vs. Board of Education decision in 1954. By declaring that segregation in schools was unconstitutional, Kevern Verney says a ‘direct reversal of the Plessy †¦ ruling’1 58 years earlier was affected. It was Plessy which gave southern states the authority to continue persecuting African-Americans for the next sixty years. The first positive aspect of Brown was was the actual integration of white and black students in schools. Unfortunately, this was not carried out to a suitable degree, with many local authorities feeling no obligation to change the status quo. The Supreme Court did issue a second ruling, the so called Brown 2, in 1955. This forwarded the idea that integration should proceed 'with all deliberate speed', but James T. Patterson tells us even by 1964 ‘only an estimated 1.2% of black children ... attended public schools with white children’2. This demonstrates that, although the Supr eme Court was working for Civil Rights, it was still unable to force change. Rathbone agrees, saying the Supreme Court ‘did not do enough to ensure compliance’3. However, Patterson goes on to say that ‘the case did have some impact’4. He explains how the ruling, although often ignored, acted ‘relatively quickly in most of the boarder s... ...day .23 Mark Rathbone, The US Supreme Court and Civil Rights, History Today .24 James T. Patterson, The Troubled Legacy of Brown v. Board, p. 10 .25 Mark Rathbone, The US Supreme Court and Civil Rights, History Today26 The Troubled Legacy of Brown v. Board, James T. Patterson, p. 6.27 Martha Gellhorn, Justice at Night, The Spectator 193628 Douglas A. Blackmon, Slavery by Another Name, p.729 Paterson and Willoughby, Civil Rights in the USA, 1863-1980, p.200.30 Douglas A. Blackmon, Slavery by Another Name, p.53.31 Mark Rathbone, 20th Century History Review, The US Presidency.32 Mark Rathbone, 20th Century History Review, The US Presidency.33 Clive Webb, Modern History Review, The Ku Klux Klan.34 Clive Webb, Modern History Review, The Ku Klux Klan.35 John A. Kirk, History Toady volume 52 issue 2, The Long Road to Equality for African-Americans

Narcolepsy Essay -- Sleep Disorders Sleeping Papers

Narcolepsy Narcolepsy is a permanent sleep disorder that gets worse with age. It is estimated that about 40,000 to 135,000 people in the United States have narcolepsy. (Narcolepsy, 2002). Most people who have narcolepsy are often times misdiagnosed because the symptoms, especially if noticed at the beginning stages, are very similar to other sleep disorders. Some of the symptoms that go along with narcolepsy are excessive sleepiness, especially during the daytime or when sleep is inappropriate, cataplexy which is when a person suddenly looses control of their muscles, sleep paralysis which is when the person is unable to move for a short period of time after they wake up from sleep, and hypnagogic hallucinations which is very vivid dreams, often experienced minutes after falling asleep. (Wunder 2002). For a person with narcolepsy, the message about when to sleep and be awake often arrive at the brain at the wrong time or wrong place, causing them to fall asleep while their emotions are high or even during physical activities. According to Margan (2003), narcoleptic patients have a shortage of neurons which produce excitatory neurotransmitters such as hypocretin and orexin. With less of these neurotransmitters, the signals for when to sleep and when to be awake is sent at the wrong times. Scientists have found that narcoleptic patients lack a chemical in the brain called hypocretin. Hypocretin helps to regulate sleep and stimulates arousal. It was also discovered that the number of neurons which secrete hypocretin is also reduced. (Wunder 2002). It is uncertain why these are missing. Treatment for narcolepsy is limited, but there are possible medications to help limit the effects of this disorde... ...ness Associated With Narcolepsy. American Family Physician. pp. 973. Ault, Alicia. (1999, January). FDA Approves First New Narcolepsy Drug in USA in Decades. Lancet. pp. 131. Morgan, K. (2003, March). No Rest for the Waking. Science News, 163, 181. O'Brien, James C. (2004). Facts about narcolepsy – frequently asked questions. Retrieved April 2, 2004, from http://www.talkaboutsleep.com/sleepdisorders/ Narcolepsy_FAQS.htm Seydel, C. (2000, August). Wake Up Call for Narcoleptics. Science Now, 2. Takahashi, Joseph. (1999, September). Narcolepsy Genes Wakes Up the Sleep Field. Science. pp. 2076. Travis, J. (2000, September). Brain-Cell Loss Found In Narcolepsy. Science News, 158, 148. Wunder, Heidi T. (2002). Living with narcolepsy. Retrieved April 2, 2004, from http://www.sleepfoundation.org/publications/livingnarcolepsy.cfm

Homeless Bedford Reader

Joseph Papalexandrou The essay I am analyzing is homeless written by Anna Quindlen. The essay can be found in The Bedford Reader 10th edition. My curiosity it what brought me to this essay. The topic I am writing about is homeless citizens. What interests me about homeless people is that it never seems to bother them where there living. What also gave me interest is how do homeless people feed themselves with no money?I always wonder why homeless people don’t look for money on the streets and save what they find buys a pair of clothes and go for a job interview at McDonalds. The overall message in this essay is that people make what they have home. If it’s living in a box or on the street they will always call that place home. It doesn’t matter what you have but how you feel about what you have. If you’re ok with where you call home then that fine. The real message in this essay is that not all people depend on items or things they have to make them happy. The overall tone in this essay is subjective and personal. Anna is trying to do a story on homeless people, and she found women called Ann on the back of a bus. Quindlen tries to get some information out of the women at the back of the bus and she is having a hard time doing so. In the story Quindlen goes back and forth with how she doesn’t see the big picture in things. But she does bring up some personal information. There are no images in this essay although there the Quindlen likes to make a lot of understatements.She says that it’s not where you live or how big it is but that it’s the place you call home. So basically living in a box you can call home and it doesn’t matter because it’s your home. That is a very big understatement. A lot of people like stability to be able to feed themselves everyday and be clean. The details and evidence that I found to support the main message in this story was when quindlen wrote â€Å"They are not the home less.They are people with no home. (Quindlen 200) That pretty much gives me the feeling that she is saying that there is no right to look down on someone because they have no home and that it gives us no right to call someone homeless. In this essay there are logos & pathos. In the essay Quindlen started to do to a report on homeless people and she even mentioned that she never seen the big picture up until she met Ann on the back of the bus. Quindlen started to no longer call homeless people homeless she instead refers them to people without a home.

Eckbert the Fair

Sawyer Auer LIBLR 123 Take home exam #1 October 23,2012 Tieck; Eckbert the Fair Tiek’s â€Å"fairy tale† of Eckbert the fair strays from the classical conception of style given to modern fairy tales. Fairy tales are often associated with several defining characteristics; extra-ordinary circumstances, â€Å"happy endings† and a moral to be learned. While Tieck’s tale does obey two of these three guidelines, he does so in a negative manor going the opposite way of twentieth century thought.Tiek’s protagonist Eckbert is first and foremost described as â€Å"†¦little more than medium height with short, light blond hair that hung in a plain fashion, closely framing his pale, drawn face. † (pg. 35). Eckbert is, normal, plain and pale. Average in more ways than one. A stark difference with traditional fairy tales has already showed itself in Tiek’s opening paragraph. The main character, Eckbert is a plain quiet simple man. As opposed to traditionally tales whereas the lead is a special person, in special circumstances.Furthermore the perspective changes within the narrative bouncing from Eckbert to his wife Bertha and then back to Eckbert. Daunting and depression social issues plague the story line. Bertha’s story begins with accounts of her parents beating her. Eckbert murders his friend in cold blood, incest, as discovered in the final page. Conventional, modern fairy tales take into account the youth of their readers and with this their context is molded to cater to such.Tiek used an arsenal of controversial subjects throughout the story, another way in which Tiek’s strays from the path from what is considered a â€Å"fairy tale† today. Ludwig Tiek’s tale has a theme to it, several factors that come back from the beginning to the end that paint the image that Tiek was attempting to portray through his examples. In the end of the story the message is finally brought to the forefront fo r the reader, punishing Eckbert for a deed that his wife committed and for his leeching of his wife’s treasure.Tiek punishes Eckbert and his wife for their monotonous lifestyle and Berta’s betrayal. Yet the punisher (the old woman in black) is pushing Berta to betray her the whole time, as though all she wanted was to see her fail. The same is true for Eckbert’s failures, the old woman, cackling, tells him that she was in fact Walther and Hugo. The two friends who Eckbert feels he needs to divulge his secrets too in order to be closer. He’s met with the same result each time, to his terrified disgust.One reason why this poem is such a stellar example of the romantic period is the way it portrays the paradoxical nature of the period itself. The attempt to teach a lesson that and punish the couple, whilst the entire time it seems as though they never had a choice, they were almost destined to fail. Hand in hand with the importance of the natural settings to the narrative, it holds true to romanticism. Berta’s journey through the harsh cliffs to the waterfall, we can see the descriptions changing to represent Berta’s environment altering.Nature, the supernatural elements and the paradoxical punishment of Berta and Eckbert make Tiek’s classic a romantic poem. Marx: The Communist Manifesto Dialectic Materialism a phrase coined by Marx, and further progressed by other authors who study Marx and Hegel exclusively, is the idea that every economic system at its core is based on principle values that lift it to its maximum efficiency while simultaneously helping to create an opposing system that will overtake the old one when its flaws see to its demise. Marx saw this occurrence as steps throughout history, which would eventually lead to communism.One system grows to its maximum efficiency, and then gives rise to an opposing system that takes the fundamental positives from the prior systems and evolves with them incorpora ted. In the Manifesto Marx and Engels talk of the Feudal system of Industry and its inability to cope with the changing world around it that it helped make. Being replaced by the system of manufacturing is just an example of marks dialectal materialism, one system being shed by society to be replaced by a more efficient, logical one (page 66).A revolutionary in Marx’s context doesn’t have a positive or a negative connotation, simply a meaning; someone who does away with a old system. To Marx, the Bourgeoisie was a revolutionary group for their role in abolishing the feudal system that precluded them; the proletariat would be revolutionaries too, for their (intended) role in collapsing the capitalist bourgeois society. Marx and Engels saw the bourgeois as destroyers of the feudal era of natural superiority. (Page 68).Whereas before the Feudal serfdom was still in place, god given birth rights granted the few privileged over the many, thanks to the revolutionary bourgeoi s that â€Å"natural superiority† was torn down , replaced by the new system of â€Å"cash payment†, Where economic need and the hoarding of capital separated the few from the many. This new step or system can be characterized by a term common today, â€Å"free trade†. This bourgeois capitalism survives by taking personal worth away for an exchange value, which Mark states as being for the purposes of exploitation.Through making personal worth an exchange value the new society has changed all major professions into simple wage laborers (page 68). The bourgeoisie are in constant need to change and evolve the methods of production and how production relates to society. Capitalist society defends its rebranding of social values as a necessary step to continue forward. Just as stated above about the process of dialectal materialism, this capitalist society will follow the same trend as the previous systems. The weakness that the bourgeois society bears is the same b urden that helped them fall the feudal society (page 71).As well as the creation of those that will see its end, and hoist their own system, the proletariat. Through overproduction and an overabundance of industry, commerce, production, these forces no longer exist for the bettering of society, instead they hoist a select few onto their shoulders, creating those that have little and those that have a lot. The haves and have not’s. Creating the social dichotomy that will eventually lead to the collapse of bourgeoisie society. Baudelaire Baudelaire is a romantic in the most pure sense of the word.He saw the duality in the world, the two forces at odds in his time. The rise of capitalistic values, lethargy taking over, Baudelaire was highly critical of his society and the morals it was raising in the populace, specifically greed and the abandoning of art. Baudelaire believed that mankind’s first responsibility was creativity. He believed the good in people was their minds , their creativity, the imagination, and its counterpart was boredom, sterility, a lack of purpose, the body and all its vices. Baudelaire turned the negatives into a channel in which to convey his creativity.In the poem the old clown, Baudelaire paints a picture of an old clown at a fair surrounded by joy and exuberance. The clown is seen by the narrator, through the crowd and described as such; â€Å"as if, in shame, he had exiled himself from all this splendor – I saw this poor clown, bent over, frail, decrepit, a man ruined, leaning with his back against one of the poles of his hut;† (Page 135). The manner in which Baudelaire describes the absolutes of the two opposing subjects leaves no room for debate. On one hand you have the old clown, â€Å"absolute poverty†, representing that which is used.A human being who once served a purpose placed into the corner alone. While on the other hand, the fair goes on. Baudelaire chooses to even describe the fair using w ords in the genre of economics; profit, â€Å"some were spending money, others earning it. † (Page 135). The duality of the situation is questioned by the narrator after his brief, intriguing interpretation of the old clown. He states that he had just seen a man torn down by his poverty and the ingratitude of the public. Baudelaire uses the old clown and the narrator as a symbol of capitalist modernity.You have the old clown to represent the older generation who used to be a brilliant entertainer in his day, yet left aside to dwell in his own poverty when he was of no use anymore. Marx states in his essay the importance of worth in capitalist society. Baudelaire here shows that when worth in the sense of capitalistic gain an option is no longer, those that cannot produce are cast aside. Even though they once served a role in their own society. The narrator can further press this simply by his actions regarding the old clown.He says to the reader, his intentions of leaving mon ey on the table to help the old man, but suddenly is swept away by the crowd. This is no accident, specifically the wording, of being carried away by the crowd. It’s Baudelaire’s way of showing his audience that society is stripping away human values and emotions and replacing them with the monetary importance and short term happiness. Bel-Ami The film is set in Paris, a rich up and coming seemingly utopian city where to have some is to have it all. Bel-Ami or Georges Duroy is the son of a peasant, returning from war he settles in Paris searching for opportunity.The movie starts with Bel-Ami living in a dirty, grimy small apartment, the seedy underbelly of the city, letting the viewer see the two sides of the coin. Bel-Ami’s first interactions with the bourgeoisies is his run in at a local bar with Charles Forestier, a former army comrade and bourgeois journalist, he extends an olive branch to Georges inviting him over for dinner. A key scene in this early proce ssion is when Charles gives Georges a few gold coins to buy new clothes with, Georges looks down at his new found treasure and uses a partial amount on the purchase of a prostitute.It’s here that a trend and theme of empty adulterous relationships stem from. The modern age in the story is depicted as empty of family values and emotions. Georges first empty sexual encounter is the first of many he is to have. Forestier gives Georges a job at the paper, chronicling his time as a soldier in Algeria as a foot soldier. Forestier’s paper continues to show a motive of taking down the government through showing the intentions to go to war with Algeria. Marx states the bourgeoisie society has torn away the sentimental veil from the family. This statement reigns over the entire story of Bel-Ami.Marriages are decided upon based on social and economic terms, whether or not the couple will be auspicious enough. The viewer witnesses Bel-Ami’s true metamorphosis into the bourg eois when he goes to Forestier’s deathbed, with the motive to marry his wife in mind. The utter lack of human emotions is laid at the feet of the audience here when the wife accepts, with the image of her husband, dead by ten minutes, in the background. Then through anger at Walter, the proprietor of the newspaper, Georges uses his amorous lifestyle, the only thing he really knows and seduces his wife.Marx talks about the destruction of family values and in its place simple wage worth is put into its place. This statement rears its ugly head when Walter confronts Georges for his seduction of his wife and doesn’t seem to care; he is fully focused on moving forward with the overthrow of the government. In the film, there’s an ironic undertone regarding the newspapers intention to overthrow the French government, the group of pompous older men in a stuffy room are attempting to be revolutionaries and overthrow a government that embodies their own wants, nd ultimate ly their objective is the same as the prior government, with their own economic interests at heart. Marx’s theory of the bourgeois revolutionary overthrow of the feudal system comes alive in the final moments of the film. Walter’s true intentions regarding Algeria, his plan to invade even after the overthrow, run parallel to Marx’s double edged praise for the bourgeois revolutionary ways. They overthrow one system to make room for one of equal if not worse intention. Money and power are the corrupting components, taking over Georges integrity.

Marketing management of lenovo’s photostat machine

Company Description: – ( INTRODUCTION )Lenovo has a good name and frame in the market. Lenovo group limited is today the 3rd largest personal computing machine maker in the universe particularly in Asia. But one m traveling to present a new merchandise which is â€Å" Photostat machine † . As Lenovo is a good trade name so one will non happen any sort of trouble to present a new merchandise. The procedure must turn to all the stairss to necessary to get down volume production, develop need documentation, and back up the merchandise. Improved merchandise launch consequences in faster clip net income activities are better planned and co-ordinate and more tightly integrated. System informations are better understood and system may be better integrated. System informations are demand are better integrated.The consequence in better production ramp-up, more expeditiously selling, a sale force better integrated selling the new merchandise and a service and support group better able to service and back up the new merchandise.leading to greater client credence. After Hewlett Packard, dingle. Lenovo creates a most advanced merchandises and service. Lenovo offers a heavy monetary value line and they already launched a broad scope of merchandises such as laptops, desktops and so many merchandises.BUSINESS Mission: –I am seting my merchandise portfolio to a planetary participant. It will assist in approaching future clip. i introduce a new merchandise. one create this merchandise for the creative activity of planetary platforms and development of local platforms to accommodate state specific demands. focused on cost, increasing merchandise complexness, making a multi location merchandise. In our quickly altering and extremely competitory markets successful new merchandise launch is thought by many but the job is that the deficit of thoughts and disbursal in production and marketing new merchandises without any warrant of success. No 1 know that the produst u R traveling to establish is traveling on top or it fails. Thoroughly my calling I have seen many new merchandises and talked 1000 of invitors who could hold saved themselves thousand of dollers and increase the likeliness of success if he had model for developing thoughts and fix it for market. By seeing all this one take experience and my experience leads us the following six measure procedure after establishing a Photostat machine. 1 ) First one see that who is the mark client. 2 ) How do i desire to travel to market i.e produce the merchandise, sell the thought or license the merchandise to person else to bring forth the market. 3 ) Explore the merchandise. 4 ) What are the market research stage. 5 ) Analysis and development of market program. 6 ) Execute the program and establish the merchandise By taking all this things in my head I starts work Our concern mission is launch our merchandise in such a manner that it will provide all our the worls and derive more and more net income.Selling Aim: –Marketing aims of my merchandise is to catch the attending of the clients.Aims can be set in two degrees: –1. Corporate Degree: -These are those aims which are concern in concern as a whole or a administration. I am taking this two type of aims in establishing Photostat machine. 2. FUNCTIONAL Degree: -these are particular sort of selling activities.By these two I m besides take into consideration on smart standards which is as under:Specific- The aim should province exactly come once more? Is to be achieve. Measurable- An aim should be knowing of measurement – so that it is possible to make up one's mind whether ( or how far ) it has been achieved. Achievable- Ahe aim should be matter-of-fact given the province of personal businesss in which it is set and the capital available to the concern. Relevant- Aims should be applicable to the people responsible for accomplishing them. Time Bound- Aims have to be set with a time-frame in head. These clip bound besides need to be realistic.CUSTOMER PROFILE: –I m traveling to establish a new merchandise of Lenovo. my merchandise is the photostate machine and I introduce this merchandise in the market it has a to maintain client profile besides. Customer profile means what are the client demands and what they except. They besides see that what are the stratergies they use4 P ‘S OF THE LENOVO ‘S PHOTOSTAT MACHINE: –MerchandiseName- Lenovo ‘s Photostat machine is the name of my merchandise. Merchandise variety- it is new, different, usual, designed to make full an identified demand. It is launched assorted colorss.Monetary value:List price- The list monetary value of the Photostat machine is starts from 65000/ . It is less expensive Photostat machine than that of its rivals. After the new Photostat machine is being developed the following measure is to put the monetary value.Firstly I will doubtless look to market rivals for indicants of how monetary value should be set. I will put competition based pricing.Like I can see traveling rate monetary value to put monetary value.PromotionAdvertising- Ad is done by utilizing assorted methods like media advertisement, intelligence paper advertisement, magazines, etc. Gross saless promotion- Gross saless publicity of Photostat machine is done by offering gifts and other points to pull the distributers. Public relations- Photostat machine is so far really good in keeping good relationship with its clients by stating them about new invention in the bing merchandise.Topographic pointLocations- The Photostat machine provides a good service to its clients. Coverage- Photostat machine covers all local countries really efficaciously. This is the most of import factor, and so takes action ; make certain they can make every country so that it helps in school and concern intents.Channelss& A ; Oslash ; Manufacturer to dealer & A ; Oslash ; Manufacturer to clientSWOT ANALYSISSTRENGHTS:& A ; Oslash ; It has good productProducts & A ; Oslash ; Good service quality & A ; Oslash ; Global coverage & A ; Oslash ; Strong and effectual use & A ; Oslash ; maintain up to day of the month on what competiton is makingFailing:& A ; Oslash ; Entire plus turnover is one of the failing of my photostatmachine. & A ; Oslash ; Lack of inventionOpportunity& A ; Oslash ; My merchandise has the chance to catch the market portion. & A ; Oslash ; Peoples are going more conceious towards proficient accomplishments i.e computing machine cognition. So one develop a multifunction Photostat machine should aim these peoples by offering alone merchandises.Menace& A ; Oslash ; The chief menaces is its rival. There are batch of rivals who lower down the sale of merchandise.Selling Plan: –Plan that inside informations a company ‘s selling attempt ; besides called action plan.marketing scheme. The selling program may be laid out for an single merchandise or for the full company and all its merchandises. In either instance, the program specifies the selling ends and aims to be achieved over a specific clip period and so lays out the assorted schemes to be followed in accomplishing them. It will besides define the duties for transporting out the program. Well I am looking to present a new Photostat machine of lenovo in the market.To full fill this intent foremost I should hold to fix a market program through wh ich I may happen out the market state of affairss. I am following seven stairss as selling program to develop my Photostat machine in the market. These points are as follow- 1 ) Selling Environment 2 ) NEW PRODUCT DEVELOPMENT 3 ) Pricing OF THE PRODUCT 4 ) Launching Political campaign 5 ) Ad AND PROMOTION 6 ) LOGISTIC AND SUPPLY CHAINSelling environmentThe selling environment in India is undergoing a rapid transmutation, and this is peculiarly important for Indian companies. Changes in authorities ordinances and economic policies, forces of globalization and competition, and the evolving nature of ingestion behaviors are supplying important chances. Many companies have started using the chances that are emerging in the altering selling environment. As the market of consumers are acquiring educated they are giving more emphasis on quality than monetary value. Selling environment is made up of external factor which is further made up of micro and macro factors. I am taking in to consideration all these factors while establishing a Photostat machine and conveying it into the market. A big figure of forces shape the selling environment. To assist form your thought, it ‘s utile to sort the assorted forces as falling into either the ( 1. ) Direct market environment. ( 2 ) The external market environment. The direct environment of any generic market or product-market includes clients, the company, and rivals. The external market environment is broader. The variables of the external market environment autumn into four major countries: 1. Economic environment. 2. Technological environment. 3. Political and legal environment. 4. Cultural and societal environment. In the short tally, the selling director does n't command the variables of the selling environment. That ‘s why it ‘s sometimes utile to believe of them as unmanageable variables. On the other manus, the selling director can and should carefully see the environmental variables when doing determinations that can be controlled. For illustration, a director may non be able to make anything to countervail the strengths of a specific rival, but the director can choose schemes that lead the house into product-markets where that house does non vie, or where competition in general is non as strong. We ‘ll see how they shape chances restricting some possibilities and doing others more attractive. A company must make up one's mind where it ‘s traveling, or it may fall into the trap expressed so good by the citation: â€Å" Having lost sight of our nonsubjective, we redoubled our attempts. † Company aims should determine the way and operation of the whole concern. It is hard to put aims that truly guide the present and future development of a company. The selling director should be heard when the company is puting aims. But puting whole-company aims within resource bounds is finally the duty of top direction. In this sense, whole-company aims are normally outside the selling director ‘s â€Å" control. † It would be convenient if a company could put one aim such as doing a net income and allow that function as the usher. Actually, nevertheless, puting aims is much more complicated, which helps explicate why it ‘s frequently done ill or non done at all. The undermentioned three aims provide a utile starting point for puting a house ‘s aims. They should be sought together because in the long tally a failure in even one of the three countries can take to entire failure of the concern. A concern should: 1. Engage in specific activities that will execute a socially and economically utile map. 2. Develop an organisation to transport on the concern and implement its schemes. 3. Earn adequate net income to last. The first aim says that the company should make something utile for society. This is n't merely a â€Å" humanitarian † aim. Businesss ca n't be without the blessing of consumers. If a house ‘s activities appear to be contrary to the consumer â€Å" good.New merchandise development-Generating THE IDEASThe new merchandise development procedure starts with the hunt for thoughts. New merchandise development requires garnering thoughts to be evaluated as possible merchandise options. For many companies thought coevals is an on-going procedure with parts from inside and outside the organisation. Many market research techniques are used to promote thoughts including: running focal point groups with consumers, channel members, and the company ‘s gross revenues force ; promoting client remarks etc. Customer demands and wants are the logical topographic point to get down the hunt. Employees throughout the company can be beginning of thoughts for any merchandise.ScreeningTh e thoughts generated in thought coevals are critically evaluated by company forces to insulate the most attractive options. Depending on the figure of thoughts, showing may be done in unit of ammunitions with the first unit of ammunition affecting company executives judging the feasibleness of thoughts while consecutive unit of ammunitions may use more advanced research techniques. Acceptable thoughts move on to the following measure. Market Research and Analysis †¢ Situational Analysis †¢ Product/Service AnalysisOur strengths are:– Low monetary values – High quality merchandises – Experienced StaffOur failings are:– Limited distribution channelsTarget MARKET STRATEGY†¢ Students of the university †¢ Staff of the university †¢ Corporate universe †¢ schoolsBusiness AnalysisNow in concern analysis the procedure becomes really dependent on market research as attempts are made to analyse the viability of the merchandise thoughts. Much attempt is directed at both internal research, such as treatments with production and buying forces, and external selling research, such as client and distributer studies, secondary research, and rival analysis. By concern analysis we come to cognize about gauging entire gross revenues, costs and net income.PRODUCT AND MARKETING MIX DEVELOPMENTIdeas go throughing through concern analysis are given serious consideration for development. Companies direct their research and development squads to build an initial design or paradigm of the thought. I will besides get down to build a selling program for the merchandise. Once the paradigm is ready the seller seeks client input. In add-on to deriving client feedback, this measure is used to estimate the feasibleness of large-scale, cost effectual prod uction for manufactured merchandises. Chiefly at this phase the company will find weather the merchandise thought can be translated in to a technically merchandise.Market TestingAfter direction is satisfied the merchandise is ready to dressed up with a trade name name and set in to a market trial. In some instances the seller accepts what was learned from construct proving and skips over market proving to establish the thought as a to the full marketed merchandise. But other companies may seek more input from a larger group before traveling to commercialisation. The most common type of market proving makes the merchandise available to a selective little section of the mark market ( e.g. , one metropolis ) , which is exposed to the full selling attempt as they would be to any merchandise they could buy.CommercializationIf market proving shows assuring consequences the merchandise is ready to be introduced to a wider market. Some houses introduce or roll-out the merchandise in moving ridges with parts of the market having the merchandise on different agendas. This allows the company to rage up production in a more controlled manner and to ticket melody the selling mix as the merchandise is distributed to new areas.In commercializing a new merchandise, market entry timing is critical like if I have completed my development work and cognize that my rival is approaching the terminal of its development work so I will confront three choices-First entry, Parallel entry, Late entry. This determination involves extra consideration. It depends how we want to come in in market.Analysis of competition will include pricing by direct rivals, related merchandises and primary merchandises* Direct Competitor Pricing – Almost all selling determinations, including pricing, will include an rating of rivals ‘ offerings. The impact of this information on the existent scene of monetary value will depend on the competitory nature of the market. we must non merely research competitory monetary values but must besides pay close attending to how these companies will react to the our pricing determinations. * Related Product Pricing – Products that offer new ways for work outing client demands may look to pricing of merchandises that clients are presently utilizing even though these other merchandises may non look to be direct rivals.GOVERNMENT REGULATIONWe must be cognizant of ordinances that impact how monetary value is set in the markets in which their merchandises are sold. These ordinances are chiefly authorities enacted significance that there may be legal branchings if the regulations are non followed. Price ordinances can come from any degree of authorities and vary widely in their demands. Finally, when selling beyond their place market, we must acknowledge that local ordinances may do pricing determinations different for each market. This is peculiarly a concern when merchandising to international markets where failure to see ordinances can take to terrible punishments. Consequently sellers must hold a clear apprehension of ordinances in each market they serve. There are besides extra legal concerns when it comes to monetary value.STP for the merchandiseAfter holding the merchandise development and choosing the monetary values I will travel for establishing the merchandise. In the launch run I will be demoing or presenting the assorted characteristics of the merchandise. The chief thought behind this is to do people familiar about the merchandise and here I will be ask foring all the major distributers of different metropoliss who are maintaining the Photostat machines of different companies besides so that they come to cognize about my new trade name and can hold sto ck with them. I can do topographic point for my merchandise in bing market by deep market survey, maintaining the monetary value less than other existing monetary value of the photostat machines. Positioning is to show the procedure. Any company, single, merchandise and service could utilize this method to â€Å" busy † a place in the heads of consumers The placement can be done by utilizing assorted mediums like giving advertizements on telecasting, newspapers etc. Placement of the photostat machine is being done really efficaciously in the heads of clients. It is depth survey of the mark audience from the position of the audience themselves in order to take information to administer efficaciously and vouch a manner to supply consistent communicating. This will make a method which consequences in consumers memorising the company or the merchandise in a certain manner. The rule of positioning created a new epoch. With this construct widely known and accepted by the people, se lling experts besides tried to link this rule with the bing selling theory systemsPromotion and Ad:Promotion is a signifier of corporate communicating that uses assorted methods to make a targeted audience with a certain message in order to accomplish specific organisational aims. About all organisations, must prosecute in some signifier of publicity. Such attempts may run from transnational houses passing big amounts on procuring high-profile famous persons to function as corporate interpreters to the proprietor of a one-man endeavor go throughing out concern cards at a local bourgeois ‘s meeting. For publicity, apart from go oning the bing scheme of concentrating on T.V. channels. I would besides concentrate on advancing through wireless. Our publicity scheme is based chiefly on doing the right information available to the right mark client. In this we have to look into that what manner of advertizement we have to utilize to the advertizement of the Lenovo ‘s Photostat machine.Decision:To establish any new merchandise like Photostat machine in the market it is really customary to establish the merchandise as per a specific selling program of that merchandise. To cognize the current place of the companies that is bring forthing the same merchandises and what consumers demand from them. To maximise their net income and capturing more market portion proper analysis of each and every phase involved in selling program is really of import. If the company non doing marketing program before establishing any new merchandise so there are maximal opportunities of acquiring loss. A selling program may be portion of an overall concern program. Solid selling statergy is the foundation of a well-written selling program. While a selling program contains a list of actions, a selling program without a sound strategic foundation is of small usage. Behind the corporate aims, which in themselves offer the chief context for the selling program, will put the ‘corporate mission ‘ ; which in bend provides the context for these corporate aims. At the last I can reason that selling program is indispensable to do before establishing any new merchandise in the market.