munipulation in the media Essay - 838 Words

Manipulation in the media nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;There are numerous ways people are manipulated by the media, but the concern of outward appearances has always been one of the main portals the media uses when advertising. Everyday, people come across some type of advertisement, wither it be watching television, seeing billboards, reading magazines, or listening to the radio. These advertisements all instill into people’s heads, what they are is not good enough. Most advertisements show photos of women and men with no wrinkles and flawless skin, no fat and built bodies, or stylish clothes and trendy accessories. These types of advertisements give men and women an unrealistic perspective of what they â€Å"could† look like, not suggesting†¦show more content†¦All these stages of aging are irreversibly going to happen to everyone, yet slowing it down or putting it on pause has become an obsession with today’s men and women. This obsession has derived form the constant commercials, magazine articles or ads, music videos, movies, television programs, and the list goes on, all presenting a typical stereo type of how one should look, or how one should strive to look. Most commonly, when a person views such media, he or she may feel not good enough or not up to societies standards. This response is the exact goal of such medial advertisement, causing people to purchase their product. When looking at a photo or commercial on television advertising anti-wrinkle cream, one sees someone with perfect skin that claims to be older then they may actually be, and one may assume, by using that certain product, their results will be the same. Advertisements such as this, emit unrealistic illusions of a younger self, manipulating viewers into buying their product. Sadly, with the superficial concerns of today’s world, these ads continue to work and these types of products are sold by the millions. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Another major concern of men and women is their weight. Almost every type of media shown on television and in magazines, portray men and women that are â€Å"gorgeous,† â€Å"handsome,† â€Å"good looking,† and â€Å"in shape,† as thin, petite, busty women orShow MoreRelatedBe Sure You re Right, Then Go Ahead : The Davy Crockett Gun Craze968 Words   |  4 Pageswas able to motivate a particular conception of guns in American culture, while effectivelly diffusing broader social concerns and criticisms over gunplay. She also ties this gun crazy to the National Rifle Association by their use of the social media of that era. And that the NRA used the populaity of the Disney show Davy Crockett, to promote their agenda by showing our historical past was centered on the gun and its use on the frontier by early Americas settlers. This was done to try and ease

Obesity And Its Effects On Obesity - 1692 Words

Obesity in America is a health issue which needs to be addressed, but many do not realize that obesity is an issue that needs to be addressed in more ways than one. Because Americans are not knowledgeable in the issue of obesity, many in society view obese people as unhealthy and irresponsible and treat them with disrespect. How to overcome and prevent obesity, its causes, and different treatments are all ways that obesity needs to be addressed; however, the disrespect towards those who are obese is another significant reason why obesity must be confronted. Misconceptions of obesity have led to prejudice towards the obese; therefore, comprehensive education of obesity is needed to reveal a downfall of civility evident in weight stigma and discrimination related to obesity. For years, obese people have dealt with discrimination and stigma related to their weight. One example of this is a YouTube video posted by comedian Nicole Arbour entitled â€Å"Dear Fat People.† Throug hout this video, Arbour rants about fat people, fat shaming, and obesity. She blames people and their bad choices for their obesity and speaks brutally to them. She states in her video, â€Å"Fat shaming is not a thing. Fat people made that up.† She also asks obese people, â€Å"Are you going to tell the doctor that they’re being mean and fat shaming you when they tell you, you have (explicit) heart disease?† Arbour’s video is just one example of the stigma related to weight that people experience.Show MoreRelatedObesity And Its Effects On Obesity1637 Words   |  7 Pagesdestructive can effects of obesity be. First of all what is an obesity? Obesity is an abnormal accumulation of body fat, usually 20% or more over an individual s ideal body weight. It is a very serious problem and is becoming very dangerous in today’s world. Obesity is now considered to be the second most preventable death in America, with tobacco being the first. As use of tobacco rates continues to decline, the obesity rates continue to rise. With that being said, death numbers of obesity are goingRead MoreObesity And Its Effects On Obesity970 Words   |  4 PagesObesity is the buildup of excess body fat, caused by the ingestion of more food than the body can use in which the extra calories are stored as fat. Obesity is measured by taking BMI, or body mass index of the person which is their height and weight and putting it into a formula. As stated by The Editors of Encyclopà ¦dia Britannica, â€Å"A BMI between 25.0 and 29.9 equates with overweight and 30.0 and above with obesity. Morbid obesity (also known as extreme, or severe, obesity) is defined as a BMI ofRead MoreObesity And Its Effects On Obesity1068 Words   |  5 PagesObesity has been around for several thousands of years but hasn’t always been a serious epidemic. A higher amount of fat or stored energy used to mean a greater chance at surviving a famine, but those times are long gone in the industrialized world. As time has progressed, we’ve see an exponential growth in obesity rates despite our best efforts to slow it down. In order to contain and eventually decrease obesity rates, we would first need to know what fuels this powerful monster of the westernRead MoreObesity And Its Effects On Obesity Essay1282 Words   |  6 Pagesactually leading to an unhealthy lifestyle which is known as obesity. IV. Obesity is a condition of human body that is not as desirable Body Mass Index (BMI) due to accumulation of excess body fat in the blood vessels. A. According to Gary D. Foster, author of the article Primary Physicians’ Attitudes about Obesity and it’s Treatment ,this disease become epidemic in the society and not being solved as the patients’ fears to treat obesity is mainly due to their negative approaches towards this problemRead MoreObesity And Its Effects On Obesity1554 Words   |  7 Pages Obesity is a condition that is characterized by excess body weight due to the overconsumption of calories in relation to the calorie loss. There are however other associated causes of obesity that have been identified by the scholars and the variables involved in the trend of this condition have a significant correlation. Different tools have been implemented overtime in the management of obesity to mitigate the short term and the long-term effects that result from this conditionRead MoreObesity And Its Effects On Obesity Essay913 Words   |  4 PagesRecent years health experts have been warning people to control their weight and adopt a healthier lifestyle.Over time obesity is a still problem with our society today also, its rates have tripled especially in America.It is obvious we are losing the battle against obesity. Combating obesity and its numerous illnesses will not require more drugs to lower cholesterol, diet books. It will require rethinking our environment.Other measures need to be taken to tackle this international epidemic. AddressingRead MoreObesity And Its Effects On Obesity1612 Words   |  7 PagesApproximately 17% of children in the United States have been diagnosed as obese (Prevention, 2011). Although the prevalence of obesity has plateaued in the most recent years, the amount of children who are obese is still higher than what is desired. These obesity rates are alarming due to the effect it will have on them and their healthcare. As more children are diagnosed with obesity, the more children increase their risk of cardiovascular disease, h ypertension, and insulin resistance later as adults (NewbyRead MoreObesity And Its Effects On Obesity1281 Words   |  6 PagesThe famous actor and comedian, Will Ferrell, quoted on twitter, â€Å"Obesity doesn’t run in your family, no one runs in your family†. The joke was intended to be funny, but I’m sure it hit closer to home for a lot of people more than anything else. Many problems in America consist of low employment rates, global warming and, not to forget, obesity. What other country has issues that include the overweight factor? Exactly, none. While mostly adolescent teens to adults are struggling to turn their livesRead MoreObesity And Its Effects On Obesity895 Words   |  4 PagesRecent years health experts have been warning people to control their weight and adopt a healthier lifestyle.Over time obesity is a still problem with our society today also, its rates have tripled especially in America.It is obvious we are losing the battle against obes ity. Combating obesity and its numerous illnesses will not require more drugs to lower cholesterol, diet books. It will require rethinking our environment.Other measures need to be taken to tackle this international epidemic. AddressingRead MoreObesity And Its Effects On Obesity1092 Words   |  5 PagesObesity in America is rising with an alarming, and disturbing rate: more than one-third of adults (78.6 millions) are obese according to Center for Diseases Control and Prevention. In addition, no states in America have prevalence of obesity less than 20 percent; while the states having leading percent of obesity are Arkansas, Mississippi, and West Virginia. Obesity’s common effects on health are low life expectancy, high blood pressure, stroke, migraine, low back pain, etc. Furthermore, a recent

Political Thoughts for Behalf of Subaltern Groups- myassignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about thePolitical Thoughts for Behalf of Subaltern Groups. Answer: Introduction Among various strands existing in contemporary policies, Taylor focuses upon three basics agendas such as turn on the need, for recognition and sometimes the demand. The need can be identified as one among the influencing forces which govern the national movement in regards of politics. The demand comes into existence in multiple ways in era of todays politics i.e. on the behalf of subaltern groups, in the face of feminism, also what is remarked as multiculturalism (Taylor, 1997). However, the demand for recognition is realized by the supposed interlinks in between identity and acknowledgment. This involves designating an individuals understanding of who they are and relative fundamental characteristics associated within. In the event of non-recognition it can lead to amount of real distortion and harm. It can also result in an outcome of oppression, imprisonment, dissortment in addition to the minimized mode of human being. In this context, feminists argue that in patriarchal societal areas females are enforced to predict a depreciatory picture of their existence (Abbey, 2014).There is a generous serene of inferiority which restricts the famine even to grap the new opportunities instead provosts the fall of low self-esteem. In the limelight of aforesaid, there has been an analogous point made in the relative aspects of black: the white individuals have been forecasting the uncertified image of the former. The self-depreciationinfant gave rise to the persuasive problems of subjugation. The misrecognition is an outcome of lack of due respect present (Taylor, 1994). The concept of dignity The ancestors of centuries ago stared on impassively note on the account of the current use of former terms. The distinguistion can be made on the preoccupied nature of recognition and identity. Firstly, the mixture of social hierarchical levels which was previously the basis for honor. The honor is used in regime sense which therefore is related to inequalities (Fenton Mitchell, 2002). The aforesaid sense has been used in the conceptual framework of portrayal of dominion. Honor intrinsically is subjected as a matter of preferences. Against the conception of honor, the modernized impression of dignity is now used in an egalitarian and Universalist way. The underlying concept governing is that everyone shares it on the whole. Also, it is obvious that the idea of dignity is companionable within the democratic society in addition to the superseded activity of old concept. This also signifies that varied forms of even recognition have been an important concern to democratic culture. The frames of democracy have escorted the demand for equality of status. Theory of recognition Moreover, the essence of recognition has been transformed and intensified through the new developed understanding of peoples identity. In the era of eighteen century, this has been particular to the discovery of ME and I discover in myself. Therefore, it states of being true to ones own existence. This also notifies of the ideal which brings the philosophy of being true to oneself and a selective way of being in existence. The human beings are capable with the intuitive feeling of what is right and what is wrong (Thompson, 2006). The matter arises is of the consequences which is fretful with the divine recompense as well as castigation. The resultant is an outcome of anchored feelings rather than dry calculation. The concept of authenticity brings out the factor of displacement in the moral accent of the idea. Although, being in close relation with the moral feelings comes as a resultant means towards the end of right activity. In order to analyses the new being, the analogy of prior moral values needs to be scrutinized. The subjective turn in this area is in the form of realization of inner peace in depths (Kant, H. (2016).The very first initials of the new view were on the grounds of theistic in nature and not pantheistic. In the same direction, the writer who did his phenomenal contribution towards the theory of change was named as Jean Jacques Rousseau. The popularity is the outcome of something which was articulating in the culture. There are basically two forms of recognition as per the Taylors theory; firstly it is connected with the movement from honor to the end of dignity. This form of politics emphasizes the uniform level dignity within the preface of first and second class citizens. The focus is directed on the treatment which is equal and unvarying. Secondly, with advent of development of identity politics of difference states that there shall be a unique recognition of each individual within a group (Coulthard, 2007). Arguments against the proposed theory of Taylor The arguments have been made in the light of theory of difference blind politics by Rawls and others. The aforesaid have been come into existence on the basis of dignity associated. In order to justify the same, these arguments should be well versed in regards of the claim that assenting action policy has been initiated by African Americans. This temporary reaction will eventually surpass the level of playing field in addition to the allowance of old blind rules which are expected to be advantage for everyone (Tully, 2000). The politics of dignity is driven by the ideology of all humans are worthy of equal respect because of the indeed capacity which each individual share. The status as rational agents has been pointed out as single. The politics of difference is assessed as the potential for defining and forming the respective identity which departs the former significantly. At the end, it concludes that whatsoever the cultural produces, it needs to be in accordance with the equal v alue. The dialectic nature in between the two run ways are on the following grounds of: the politics of dignity entails it is thought of dealing people in the difference blind manner. It is desired to opt for the recognition and foster of particularity. The previous approaches violate the belief of nondiscrimination. In contrast, the latter reprimands not only by demanding that it negates the original identity but it also claims the allegedly uniform set of differences of blind principles (Anderson, Rungtusanatham Schroeder, 1994). In short, it reflects out as one of the prominent factor of hegemonic culture. Apparently, it custodies the politics of dignity along with the imposing nature of false homogeneity. There is also an argument of the existence of link in between the membership of the cultural group and the formation of an identity which can be expanded. In clear, this also entails that an individual can become a member of the diverse cultural groups at the same point of time. The identity of recognition: to be or not to be This agenda have shown existence in the events of Yugoslavia about the pointing of the multiculturalism. The detail includes the wisdom of solitary sex schools as well as about the fairness of affirmative action. Taylors argument favors the wide range of existing social struggle regarding feminism to cover the earlier colonized people. The resultant can be found in Canada over the Quebec status in the area of district province. It can be also addresses as the demand to analyze the distinctive characteristics of particular group acknowledged (Fraser, 2009). The demand comes in the confiscatory nature with the grownup traditions of liberalism which have been based upon the notions of rights among human beings. The Taylors approach forecast the reconfiguration of tolerance which can moderately respond in comparison to the follow ups of previous traditions. The strain realized by the rivalry actioners configures the central and key determinant issues of identity at the generalizable value across the midst of various social group as well as contexts. In this regard, Susan Wolf pointed the question on the applicability of certain claims on feminism. In justification of the claim raised the former identifies that is merely a symptom of larger issues governing the policies underlying. The gap lies in the thinking mechanism of contemporary commentators in regards of the identity differentiations (Voice, 2005). Certainly, all those who are agrumenating against the Taylors predefined theory are the one who have the acknowledgments of the particular group in the public life which leads towards the factors of social fragmentation and hostility. For example in the above case- the opponents are believed to have something in common with the nationalist Serbs. At the same phase, Taylor favors to defend the notion of public life with the more inclusi on of community specific goals. Conclusion Therefore, it can be concluded that Taylor surely highlighted the cultural membership as one of the crucial factor in defining of identity. However, it also takes into account that culture so adopted gets wholly recognized. Significantly, the nonappearance of social recognition is expected to have strong adverse impact on the self-esteem within the members of a particular group. The demand for the acclimatization is not feasible because of the fact it ignores the linkage in between of the cultural membership and formation of the respective identity needs (Lash Featherstone, 2001). It is based on the strong ratio of commitment on the side of individuals towards the respective cultures. The work of Taylor also admits that gateways of attaining the cultural survival are believed to be at odds in context of liberal values. Moreover, the conflict is sustained on the platform of intimate and social recognition. As per Taylors thesis the former are necessities in the formulation of an iden tity. The relative practices of collective goals for the cultural survival can prove harmful to the women. But in this concern, the solution lies in the defining of the identities in dialogue with the significant contribution of others. In case of lop siding of the dialogue proposed due to the set of cultural practices, the instinct ability to acquire the intimate recognition is expected to be muffled. The survival of practices is accompanied with the cultural survival which generates the prologues of tension between intimate and social recognition. Both of them are in the confiscatory nature with each other. Previously, due the burden which the cultural survival brings on future generations and also it is not neutral on the vacationers. Secondly, the demand for recognition takes the notion of what it considers to the cultural groups to be more rigid in form. This notion restricts the cultural members to deviate from the path and find the new doorways. The recognized problems can be allevi ated by the increase in criterias of politics of difference. This kind of expansion also promotes the membership with the differentiated cultural groups. Meaningfully, it also generates less monolithic and exclusive stance towards the cultural dealings. It also regulates the perceivance of conflict in between two diverse cultural groups members in addition to the movement within. As a result, it alleviates the existence of tension between cultural survival and liberal values. With the presumption of an individual that choices need not be absolute, the former have the option which is liberal in nature as far as it is need in aspect of resolvance. In the same manner, factors governing women harm can be lessen by the selection of less patriarchal option. A politics of difference is must in order to secure the cultural survival. References Abbey, R. (2014).Charles Taylor. Routledge. Anderson, J. C., Rungtusanatham, M., Schroeder, R. G. (1994). A theory of quality management underlying the Deming management method.Academy of management Review,19(3), 472-509. Coulthard, G. S. (2007). Subjects of empire: Indigenous peoples and the politics of recognitionin Canada.Contemporary political theory,6(4), 437-460. Fenton, E., Mitchell, T. (2002). Growing old with dignity: a concept analysis.Nursing Older People (through 2013),14(4), 19. Fraser, N. (2009). Social justice in the age of identity politics.Geographic thought: A praxis perspective, 72-91. Lash, S. Featherstone, M. (2001). Recognition and difference. Retrieved from https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/02632760122051751?journalCode=tcsa Kant, H. (2016). Charles Taylor, The Politics ofRecognition. Retrieved from https://politicalnotmetaphysical.wordpress.com/2016/05/27/charles-taylor-the-politics-of-recognition/ Taylor, C. (1994).Multiculturalism. Princeton University Press. Taylor, C. (1997). The politics of recognition.New contexts of Canadian criticism,98, 25-73. Thompson, S. (2006).The political theory of recognition: A critical introduction. Polity. Tully, J. (2000). Struggles over recognition and distribution.Constellations,7(4), 469-482. Voice, P. (2005). Book Review: Redistribution or Recognition? A Political-Philosophical Exchange.

The Scary World of Malware in WordPress How It Affects Your Site

Malware is an umbrella term for malicious software used to leverage a sites weaknesses for various harmful activities. In the context of WordPress sites, malware in WordPress can affect a websites performance on every level, from the web server to the user experience, and even the sites SEO performance. So, if you are not paying attention to what is happening to your website now, it could be too late to save your site by the time you do.For that reason, keeping tabs on your websites performance and identifying changes as they happen is the first step towards building a secure WordPress site.From what we have seen, the ripple effects of a malware attack on your site take the following forms: A vast majority of the time, malware attacks go undetected because the purpose of such attacks is to use your server resources without drawing your attention. You can, however, detect if your website is being exploited by noting if your sites performance is lagging. You will notice that your site has slowed down suddenly.Perhaps youll see that your web server is unavailable for the visitors of your site because a majority of your server is being used to execute unwanted activities. We have come to notice that there are a number of other ways hacking affects your sites performance. We suggest, keeping an eye out for any sort of sudden changes in your website and acting immediately.Sending out spam emailsMail spam is unavoidable. Millions of spam reports are sent every day which accounts for 59.56% of traffic on the internet (as of September 2017).Hackers use compromised websites to send hundreds and thousands of spam emails for a number of purposes. Email servers around the world use different methods to deal with spam. They track the IPs of the servers sending out spam emails and blacklist them. Therefore, hackers are always on the lookout for IP addresses that have a clean record, meaning that the IPs are not blocked by popular email providers.In several cases, we have come across instances where a websites owners are completely unaware of what is happening until the host identifies somethings fishy and alerts them about it. By this time, it may be too late and domains are already blacklisted by spam watchdog services like Spamhaus.If your site is hacked and thousands of spam emails are being sent out using your server, your web host may also suspend your account until you clean it and remove all malware, which is one of the worst things that can happen to any website.Usage of large amount of disk spaceHackers can have various purposes in mind when they are accessing your site. Some hackers may have hacked your site to store millions of files. These files take up a large amount of your disk space. The burden of those unknown files tends to bog down your website.For those who dont know, unlimited hosting plans do have a limit. This can lead to situations where you are unable to add any content. Moreover, maintaining your site will become a challenge wi th a lot of unwanted files littered about the site. Also, your web server can suspend or ban your account due to malicious activities on your site.Slows down siteWhen your visitors make a request to load a page from your site, hackers may fetch files from other servers and load it along with your page. This can damage your sites performance because the whole process is time-consuming.2. Deterioration of user experience/browser performanceMalware in WordPress can affect how visitors see your website. The user experience of a website is important for the success of the site (or business). If your users are not happy with your sites performance, then they might not return to your site (or use your service if you are offering one).Websites become slowStudies show that the average attention span for human beings has shrunk from twelve seconds in 2000 to eight seconds in this digital era. Therefore, slow websites are bad for business.We discussed earlier how overuse of server resources s lows down your site. If your website takes too long to open, people are likely to hit the back button within a few seconds. That way, you will lose visitors before you get any. Also, it can have disastrous effects on online business like e-commerce sites. Amazon, the worlds largest retailer site can lose up to $1.6 billion in sales due to a seconds delay. In 2013, the giant retailer lost $66,240 per minute during a thirty minutes downtime.Load external Javascript/iFrame resourcesYou might have come across websites with shady pop-ups, usually on the top of the page asking you to go to a different site or make a purchase, etc.Its a little confusing because the pop up seems completely unrelated to what the site is about. The reality is that someone has hacked into that site and has inserted malicious Javascript/iFrame. So, every time someone tries to open the page, the malware gets loaded too, therefore increasing the time it takes to fully render a page. This makes the site slower. Fu rthermore, the visitors of the site are getting duped into making purchases and doing other unwanted things while riding on the sites credibility.Mining cryptocurrencyYou have probably heard of Bitcoin the most popular cryptocurrency. Its generated through a process called mining. Over the last couple of years, cryptocurrencies have been quietly gaining popularity and more and more people are buying and selling them.Because Bitcoin has shot up in price, its popular among hackers who want to get rich quick.Hackers  infect websites with malware  and install cryptocurrency miners. They use your visitors browsers to mine cryptocurrency every time they open your site. Your website could be one of these ill-fated sites. If you are experiencing a sudden change in your websites performance, then its possible that hackers are harnessing the power of your machines processor for the purpose of mining cryptocurrency.3. Degradation of SEO performanceSEO is one of the primary reasons website s get hacked. Google has clearly recognized SEO being a motivational factor in hacking so that your visitor is redirected to a malicious site.SEO spamming (commonly, the pharma hack)Pharma hacking is a very common phenomenon. On the web, there are restrictions on advertising illegal drugs like Viagra, Cialis, etc. Therefore, pharmaceutical sales websites resort to SEO spamming to get people to visit their site or make purchases. They often insert spammy keywords into posts and pages and cloak them from regular visitors.The SEO spam is only visible to web crawlers like Google-bots. Besides this, there are a few WordPress security services like  MalCare  (which Im the founder of) who are able to identify pharma hacks even in their hidden form.Its well noted that modifying a sites SEO structure will have a tremendous effect on your website. You will lose a chunk of your visitors along with your reputation and credibility. Your website too will experience a fall in ranking and there will be a major drop in the speed of your siteGoogle blacklistingGoogle is the biggest search engine on the web and aims to provide its users with the best user experience. Thousands of websites are blacklisted by the search engine giant on a daily basis. Many of these sites are legitimate businesses (like yours). Your website may seem like its adhering to Google guidelines and yet you are suddenly blacklisted.The blacklisting occurs often a result of malicious code being injected into the website without your permission. Once your WordPress site is blacklisted, your visitors wont be able to access your site. Google will prevent users from visiting a compromised site in order to protect their machine from getting infected.As a result of being blacklisted by Google, your website will be unreachable for days. It will negatively impact your SEO and you will end up losing search ranking, resulting in a fall in organic traffic. It will, unfortunately, also damage the reputation you had worked so hard to build.Over to youHave you been noticing a difference in your sites performance lately? Did you try finding out the cause? Tell us if you need any help in the comment section. About the author: Akshat Choudhary is the founder and CEO of BlogVault, MigrateGuru MalCare. He loves building products that solve real problems for real people, and has been building systems and products since 2005. His core beliefs behind building any product are to make sure the end-user doesnt need assistance and to assist them in the best possible manner if they need it.Free guide5 Essential Tips to Speed Up Your WordPress SiteReduce your loading time by even 50-80% just by following simple tips.

Bill Bowerman and Phil Knight first founded Nike Inc. Essays - Nike

Bill Bowerman and Phil Knight first founded Nike Inc. Essays - Nike Bill Bowerman and Phil Knight first founded Nike Inc. in 1964 as Blue Ribbon Sports. In 1971, it was re-named Nike after the Greek winged goddess of victory, strength, speed, glory, and fame. The Nike swoosh is meant to represent the wings of the goddess Nike, as she was often depicted in mythology with. The iconic swoosh was created by Caroline Davidson, an advertising student at Portland University. She was a freelancer asked to design a graphic logo that could fit on the side of a shoe by Phil Knight; she was paid $35 for her design. The first interaction between the founders of Nike was in 1959, when track coach Bill Bowerman met Phil Knight; who was a runner at the University of Oregon where he was coaching. The need for the company arose out of Bills desire to find lighter, more durable racing shoes for his university track team, and Phils desire to find a way to make a living without having to give up his love of sports. The two put their heads together, and the end product was a company that now dominates the market in its sportswear segment, despite having begun as a small distributing outfit from the back of Phils car. While Phil was obtaining his MBA degree at Stanford in the 60s, Professor Frank Shallenberger assigned his students with a project; the goal of which was to devise a small business and a marketing plan for its success. Building on his earlier brainstorms, Phils project consisted of the idea that quality running shoes could be produced at low cost in Asian countries like Japan, and shipped to the U.S. for distribution. In 1963, Phil actually traveled to Japan, and scheduled an interview with a Japanese businessman affiliated with Onitsuka Corporation and its subsidiary Tiger; to whom he presented himself as an American distributor with an interest in selling Tiger shoes to American runners. The boardroom executives liked what they heard; and Blue Ribbon Sports (BRS) was born. By 1964, BRS had sold 8,000 pairs of Tiger running shoes and had added salesman Jeff Johnson to the team. By 1971, the trademarked swoosh was implemented, BRS officially became Nike Inc., and the company hit $1 m illion in sales. Later into the 70s, Nike went from $10 million in sales to $270 million in sales and was hugely benefiting from (if not leading) Americas craze towards popularized fitness; a revolution that caused the idea of exercise and game-playing to transcend from an extracurricular that the average American did for fun, into a cultural signifier of status for health and wealth. Nikes brand prosperity is clearly evidenced in a quote from 1996 in Advertising Age (a magazine that analyzes data on marketing and the media), the ubiquitous swoosh was more recognized and coveted by consumers than any other sports brand. That same year, Nikes revenues were $6.74 billion, with $8 billion expected in the upcoming year, and a target of $12 billion by the millennium. With all that said however, Nike was still mindful of its competitors and the risks they pose on its global stage. For example, Nike is the main leader in its industry of sportswear (footwear, apparel, equipment and accessories) and is valued at 10.7 billion, but it does have a hefty amount of competition. Nikes main four competitors are Reebok, Adidas, Fila, and New Balance. Nike is the industry leader with a 47% market share, Reebok is in second place at 16%, and Adidas comes in third at 6%. The biggest contributor to Nikes edge over its competitors is its marketing and global business strategy. Nike relocated all of its factories overseas where it could utilize a more inexpensive workforce to fabricate its shoes, and 86% of its total products are now produced in either Taiwan or South Korea. With Nike cutting costs on the labor and production expenses, more capital was freed up and put towards increasing their advertising budget. For example, Nike spent four and a half times as much in advertising expenses as Adidas in 2003. This helped Nike gain much more awareness in the regions where they were marketing their product by demographic statistics. A tactic Nike has also relied on heavily to hold

Economic Profits vs. Accounting Profits

Economic Profits vs. Accounting Profits Economic Profits vs. Accounting Profits There are basically two main concepts of presenting financial information in a business: economic and accounting profit concepts. The accounting concept measurement is based on what is actually received by the business while the economic concept analyses and presents what is actually received against what could have been received. These two concepts are affected by several legal, moral, and ethical issues that weigh on their importance in the presentation and effectual consequences the reports will have on the stakeholders. Although the economic profits concept seeks to explain the allocation of company resources in a firm and subsequently reflect the results in illustrating its impact on the shareholders wealth, most state laws mandate companies to provide their financial results through the accounting basis as this information is important in assessing the tax position of companies. Additionally, tax authorities in different state jurisdictions recommend the presentation of consolidated income statements in the accounting concept to make the assessment process straightforward to the authorities and the stakeholders using these statements. Reliable and timely accounting information is very essential in any firm This information should be produced by those who hold high moral and ethical repute in order to allay any form of suspicion on the validity and dependability of information presented. Morality and ethics are likely to be highly unrecognized in the economic concept of accounting as this model provides ample opportunity for fraudulent activity as it deals principally in non cash flow activities but rather economic discernment, as compared to the accounting concept that altogether considers the cash flows registered by the firm. An example of failure registered through difference in the concept includes small businesses that have a high failure and turnover rates. Small firms do not have in place the proper accounting mechanisms that appropriately fit their respective financial structures. This is due to the fact that economic and accounting concepts were primarily designed to fit large corporations (Baker Powell, 2005). The best ways of gauging legal, moral and ethical issues in accounts presentation is through the assessment of the creators and stakeholders of this information in order to determine who exemplifies the best practices. Ethical criteria that could be use in this assessment include assessment of internal control systems, company leadership, reputation and transparency. These issues are representative of the major issues leveraged in economic and accounting concepts of profit accounting.

Happy Trails Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Happy Trails - Term Paper Example One of the reasons that the management could cite is in the fact that the union leaders actually have some ulterior motives in the fight for higher wages and benefits. The return of the authorization cards would mean that the efforts of the leaders of the union would be futile as they would have no right to fight for the workers they claim to represent (Craver, 1995). As long as the authorization cards have not been returned, the employees of Happy Trails would have every right to talk to the organizers of the union. Hence, the decision to tell the workers not to talk to the union organizers is not a good idea. Another reason that the first decision would not be the best is in the fact that the employees do not have the legal rights to vote against the union organizers as the agreement on the authorization card is still binding on them (Colman, 1995). The employees have already nominated the union organizers to represent them in collective bargaining through their attestation of the authorization card. Hence, the best alternative of the management team of Happy Trails is to implore their workers to ask for the return of their authorization cards. The return of the authorization cards would establish the illegitimacy of the union organizers and would render their struggle for higher benefits and wages

Simplifying Expressions Speech or Presentation Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Simplifying Expressions - Speech or Presentation Example Expressions are solved by moving terms around, combining like terms, applying the real numbers’ properties. There are several ways in which the properties of real numbers help in the simplification of the algebraic expressions. For instance, the distributive property of real numbers is applied to multiply the terms inside the parenthesis with the real numbers outside them which results into the parenthesis removal. Likewise, terms are moved to different places in the expressions with the help of the commulative property of real numbers. Concluding, we have to deal with real numbers in everyday life as the principles discussed in this assignment have application in matters as simple as totaling the price of items bought at a grocery store for the bill to as complex matters as engineering designs and calculations. In all the cases, expressions are solved using the same distributive and commulative properties of real numbers that have been discussed. Hence, knowledge of the principles of real numbers is essential to achieve accurate results in mathematics including

The Editing in Farewell My Concubine Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

The Editing in Farewell My Concubine - Essay Example When characterizing the film in regards to its technical elements one notes that despite its elaborate mise-en-scene and epic subject matter, the film is shot and edited in a very straight-forward and direct manner. This essay specifically examines elements of editing in Farewell My Concubine and considers the means by which they contributed to the film’s meaning and overriding style. As the film opens the camera follows Dieyi and Xiaolou, in full opera garb, as they enter the vacant auditorium. The film cuts to a shot situated from high in the crowd and the viewer is put in the place of the audience. The juxtaposition of these shots has the effect of first giving the viewer the impression of an upcoming grand performance, and then subverting their expectations with the shot from a distance. It immediately creates a sense of isolation and emotional impoverishment; this is further enforced as the viewer soon discovers that the two performers haven’t performed together since the Cultural Revolution. During this opening scene director, Kaige largely refrains from editing shots together, instead of allowing the scene to develop. Some viewers might immediately be disrupted by this more ‘art film’ style approach, but by not cutting with the frequency the director situates the viewer as an actual member of the audience. The long scenes also establish the film overarching tone as somber and slightly cerebral. Farewell, My Concubine also makes notable uses of montage editing to condense time. While it’s become clichà © for many films to develop an entire sequence of shots that are spliced together to give the viewer the impression of time’s passage, director Kaige has a subtle technique that adds considerable poignancy to the film. After Xiaolou has been forced to sit outside in the snow with a board on his head, the film cuts to the troupe of boys standing outside in the cold reciting  lines.  

Spectrometry Types and Applications

Spectrometry Types and Applications Spectrophotometry is the quantifiable study of interaction of electromagnetic radiations with the matter. Electromagnetic radiations do not require any medium for its transmission. It consists of two components, electric and magnetic field. Spectrophotometry involves the use of a spectrophotometer. A spectrophotometer is a photometer (a device for measuring light intensity) that can measure intensity as a function of the color (or more specifically the wavelength) of light. Spectrophotometry is the spectroscopic technique used to assess the concentration or amount of a given species. Spectrophotometer makes use of the transmission of light through a solution to determine the concentration of a solute within the solution. It is often used in physical and analytical chemistry for the identification/characterization of substances through the spectrum emitted from or absorbed by them. It is also used to examine the behavior of chemical substances after electromagnetic irradiation such as gamma rays, X-rays, ultra violet rays, infrared rays, radio waves and microwaves. It gives detailed information about inter-molecular bonding types or molecular changes occurring during enzymatic reactions and mitochondrial electron transport chain. Qualitative and quantitative measurement of biomolecules even in impure samples can be done rapidly and conveniently. Uses: To determine the molecular structure To estimate the energy levels of the ions and complexes in a chemical system along with the compositions. To get an idea regarding absorption and emission details of the specimen To understand the intrinsic configuration and relative association and chemical shifts Determine the wavelength of maximum absorbance. UV-Visible Spectroscopy: UV-visible spectroscopy investigates the interactions between ultraviolet or visible electromagnetic radiation and matter. Ultraviolet and visible spectroscopy (UV-vis) is a reliable and accurate analytical laboratory assessment procedure that allows for the analysis of a substance. Specifically, ultraviolet and visible spectroscopy measures the absorption, transmission and emission of ultraviolet and visible light wavelengths by matter. UV-visible spectroscopic measurements provide precise information about atomic and molecular structure. It consists of light of several colors ranging from violet to red. This is now termed the UV-visible electromagnetic spectrum. The ultraviolet and visible regions of the electromagnetic spectrum are linked in UV-vis spectroscopy because similarities between the two regions allow many of the same research techniques and tools to be used for both regions. The ultraviolet region (about 450-200 nm) is particularly important for the qualitative and quantitative determination of many organic compounds. In the visible region (about 450-700 nm), spectrophotometric methods are widely used for the quantitative determination of many trace substances, especially inorganic species. Special instrumentation is used in UV-vis spectroscopy. Hydrogen or deuterium lights provide the source of light for ultraviolet measurements. Tungsten lamps provide the light for visible measurements. These light sources generate light at specific wavelengths. Deuterium lamps generate light in the UV range (190 to 380nm). Tungsten-halogen lamps generate light in the visible spectrum (380 to about 800 nm).Xenon lamps which can produce light in the UV and visible portions of the spectrum are used to measure both UV and visible spectra. Uses: Uv/Vis Spectrophotometry is used to determine the absorption or transmission of Uv/Vis light (180 to 820 nm) by a sample. It can also be used to measure concentrations of absorbing materials based on developed calibration curves of the material. It is routinely used in the quantitative determination of solutions of transition metal ions and highly conjugated organic compounds. Its main applications are; Quantitative determination of chromophores concentrations in solution Impurity determination by spectrum subtraction Determination of reaction kinetics Fluorescence Spectroscopy: Fluorescence spectroscopy, fluorometry or spectrofluorometry, is a type of electromagnetic spectroscopy which analyzes fluorescence from a sample.Fluorescence occurs when a molecule absorbs photons from the U.V.-visible light spectrum (200-900 nm), causing transition to a high-energy electronic state and then emits photons as it returns to its initial state, in less than 10-9 sec. Fluorimetry characterizes the relationship between absorbed and emitted photons at specified wavelengths. It is a precise quantitative analytical technique that is inexpensive and easily mastered. Fluorescence spectroscopy is an important investigational tool in many areas of analytical science, due to its extremely high sensitivity and selectivity. With many uses across a broad range of chemical, biochemical and medical research, it has become an essential investigational technique allowing detailed, real-time observation of the structure and dynamics of intact biological systems with extremely high resolu tion. It is particularly heavily used in the pharmaceutical industry where it has almost completely replaced radiochemical labelling. Fluorescent compounds or fluorophors can be identified and quantified on the basis of their excitation and emission properties. The excitation and emission properties of a compound are fixed, for a given instrument and environmental condition, and can be used for identification and quantification. The principal advantage of fluorescence over radioactivity and absorption spectroscopy is the ability to separate compounds on the basis of either their excitation or emission spectra, as opposed to a single spectra. This advantage is further enhanced by commercial fluorescent dyes that have narrow and distinctly separated excitation and emission spectra. The sensitivity of fluorescence is approximately 1,000 times greater than absorption spectrophotometric methods. Uses: Fluorescence spectroscopy is used in, among others, biochemical, medical, and chemical research fields for analyzing organic compounds. There has also been a report of its use in differentiating malignant, bashful skin tumors from benign.In particular, the measurements of fluorescence spectrum, lifetime and polarization are powerful methods of studying biological structure and function. The fluorescence spectrum is highly sensitive to the biochemical environment of the fluorophor. Fluorophors have been designed such that their spectra change as a function of the concentration of metabolites, such as pH and calcium. A major disadvantage of fluorescence is the sensitivity of fluorescence intensity to fluctuations in pH and temperature. Flame Photometry: Flame photometry (more accurately called flame atomic emission spectrometry) is a branch of atomic spectroscopy in which the species examined in the spectrometer are in the form of atoms. Flame photometry is suitable for qualitative and quantitative determination of several cations in biological specimens, especially for metals that are easily excited to higher energy levels at a relatively low flame temperature (mainly Na, K, Rb, Cs, Ca, Ba, and Cu). This technique uses a flame that evaporates the solvent and also sublimates and atomizes the metal and then excites a valence electron to an upper energy state. Light is emitted at characteristic wavelengths for each metal as the electron returns to the ground state that makes qualitative determination possible. Flame photometers use optical filters to monitor for the selected emission wavelength produced by the analyte species. Comparison of emission intensities of unknowns to either that of standard solutions or to those of an interna l standard allows quantitative analysis of the analyte metal in the sample solution. Because of the very narrow and characteristic emission lines from the gas-phase atoms in the flame plasma, the method is relatively free of interferences from other elements. Flame photometry has many advantages. It is a simple, relatively inexpensive, high sample throughput method used for clinical, biological, and environmental analysis. The flame photometers are relatively simply instruments. There is no need for source of light, since it is the measured constituent of the sample that is emitting the light. The energy that is needed for the excitation is provided by the temperature of the flame (2000-3000  °C), produced by the burning of acetylene or natural gas (or propane-butane gas) in the presence of air or oxygen. By the heat of the flame and the effect of the reducing gas (fuel), molecules and ions of the sample species are decomposed and reduced to give atoms, e.g.: Na+ + e- à ¯Ã†â€™Ã‚  Na. Atoms in the vapour state give line spectra. (Not band spectra, because there are no covalent bonds hence there are not any vibrational sub-levels to cause broadening). The mono chromator selects the suitable (characteristic) wavelength of the emitted light. The emitted light reaches the detector. This is a photomultiplier producing an electric signal proportional to the intensity of emitted light. Atomic Absorption Spectrometry: In analytical chemistry, atomic absorption spectroscopy is a technique for determining the concentration of a particular metal element in a sample. The technique can be used to analyze the concentration of over 70 different metals in a solution. The technique makes use of absorption spectrometry to assess the concentration of an analyte in a sample. Atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS) determines the presence of metals in liquid samples. Metals include Fe, Cu, Al, Pb, Ca, Zn, Cd and many more. It also measures the concentrations of metals in the samples. Typical concentrations range in the low mg/L range. The electrons of the atoms in the atomizer can be promoted to higher orbitals for a short amount of time by absorbing a light of a given wavelength. This amount of energy (or wavelength) is specific to a particular electron transition in a particular element, and in general, each wavelength corresponds to only one element. This gives the technique its elemental selectivity. In order to analyze a sample for its atomic constituents, it has to be atomized. The sample should then be illuminated by light. The light transmitted is finally measured by a detector. The light source is usually a hollow-cathode lamp of the element that is being measured. Lasers are also used in research instruments. Since lasers are intense enough to excite atoms to higher energy levels. The disadvantage of these narrow-band light sources is that only one element is measurable at a time. AA spectroscopy requires that the analyte atoms be in the gas phase. Ions or atoms in a sample must undergo desolvation and vaporization in a high-temperature source such as a flame or graphite furnace. Flame AA can only analyze solutions, while graphite furnace AA can accept solutions, slurries, or solid samples. The graphite furnace has several advantages over a flame. It is a much more efficient atomizer than a flame and it can directly accept very small absolute quantities of sample. It also p rovides a reducing environment for easily oxidized elements. Samples are placed directly in the graphite furnace and the furnace is electrically heated in several steps to dry the sample, ash organic matter, and vaporize the analyte atoms. AA spectrometers use monochromators and detectors for uv and visible light. The main purpose of the monochromator is to isolate the absorption line from background light due to interferences. Simple dedicated AA instruments often replace the monochromator with a bandpass interference filter.

Macroeconomic Terms

What I took away from week two's objectives after discussing and the topics that I feel comfortable with are the relationships between productivity and the cost of production. Productivity is being able to bring forth or produce goods and services. Understanding that there are many different types of cost that business' incur during the production cycle. It's important for firms, owners or managers, etc. To know about the various costs (I. . Fixed costs, variable costs and total cost).Also that accounting focuses on explicit cost and revenue; while economics focuses on both explicit and implicit cost and revenues. The topics that I struggled with are the understanding of economies of scale, discomposes of scale and understand the shape or the different reasons that would make the curve shift. The topics relate to my field because in the healthcare industry, the company has to be productive in order to stay afloat and they are constantly looking for ways to lower the cost of services that are provided to linens in order to increase the company's overall profit.Cherishes Whittier During week one, we discuss the difference between supply and demand and the affects that it has on prices and quantity. Example of shifts in demand would be taxes, expectations, income, and other goods. Examples of a shift in supply would be price inputs and technology. I believe that I am comfortable with supply and demand; however, I struggle with the graphs and the visuals of the shift. By taking macroeconomics before this class, in ways has prepared me to have a better understanding of microeconomics and how the economy is studied.Joan Ashcan Gathering from chapter one reading, it states â€Å"a key element in getting people to recognize that lunches aren't free is the concept of opportunity cost-every decision has a cost in forgone opportunities. ‘ The economists' model which helps you understands not only the opportunity cost numerically and graphically but this model helps us understand why a person specializes in what they do. From this I can apply to why the economy is very important in my personal decision making process because, it dictates my buying power, the market and my investing power.If the economy is good, sales and Job security will be secure. Paul Parker This week focused heavily on the basics of economics. The topic that interested me most what about the supply and demand curve and what makes them change. We have so many different factors that drive consumers to buy or not buy an item. This is going to be a very interesting aspect of class as we go through the five weeks. Another interesting topic from week one was opportunity costs. We always have to make sacrifices to choose between multiple options. We have to choose the best option that will provide the most benefit at the time.

Time Scale for Research Project

Time scale for Research Project 1. Design and create Video demonstrations (Completed) 2. Decide on a conceptual framework for the project (Laurillard) 3. Decide on quantitive/qualitative or mixed method (Mixed quantitive/qualitative) 4. Source and read 20 quality applicable resent journal articles (5 new already) 5. Design and create a questionnaire for research (Completed) 6. Design and create a practical marking scheme (completed) 7. Decide on whither to use a focus group or not or interview or not (numbers)(Focus Group Interview) 8.Design and create a questionnaire for info on students phones for first day (completed) 9. Decide on what journal to write for (by Nov 1st) 10. Decide on possible themes for article structure and headings etc (see 9) 11. Design and create a consent form for the students (by Nov 1st) 12. Design and write an application for consent from ITB to carry out research (by Nov 1st) 13. Put abstract together and submit to Open Learning online journal(completed) 1 4. Make up a specific timetable for implementing study (by Dec 1st) 15. Write annotated bibliography (by Dec 7th) 16.Decide on a learning theory for the project (by Dec 1st) 17. Rewrite literature review (Completed) 18. Rewrite research proposal (Completed) 19. Decide on specific method of analysing the results. Miles and Huberman’s interactive model of data analysis. (by Dec 7th) – (Jan 1st) 20. Carry out practical study and collect data (Jan 6th – 22nd) 21. Collect data from questionnaires and focus group (Jan 25th – 29th) 22. Analyse data (Feb 1st – Mar 1st) 23. Write journal paper (Mar 1st – June 1st) 24. Constantly read journal papers and adapt entire study as work proceeds, start writing ASAP and keep on updating ePortfolio and private Blog.

Lenovo Case Study Essays

Lenovo Case Study Essays Lenovo Case Study Essay Lenovo Case Study Essay After maintaining market leadership in China for several years the company expanded into international markets in 2003, and in 2004 they signed on for two ambitious transactions; joining the Olympic Partner Program, an $80 million agreement that made Leno the exclusive provider of computing equipment and services for the Olympic games in 2006 and 2008, and a deal in which they acquired Vims Personal Systems Division. The former allowed Leno to have access to exclusive worldwide marketing opportunities; however It also presented them with the challenges and costs of using those opportunities effectively. In the IBM deal, Leno gained use of the IBM brand name (for up to five years), the well-established IBM Think-family products, and some difficult questions on how to move forward. Leno, with the acquisition of the IBM PC business, first had to come up with a plan that would raise awareness for the Leno brand name while capitalizing on the established brand MOM. Leno decided to go with a master brand strategy, focusing most of their efforts on building the Leno brand worldwide while also continuing to strengthen the Thinking product acquired through MOM. After deciding on their strategy, Leno then had to decide what its brand essence would become and viewed the competition In two types of business models; those who sold products tit little or no innovation and focused on Inventory turns, or those who focused on product Innovation and less on market share. To stay true to both Lenos and Vims innovative roots, as well as attempting to stay current In the evolving PC business, Leno decided to position themselves against competitors that focused on innovation such as Sony and Apple. Leno redesigned the Thinking in several ways, despite the risk of offending earlier Thinking users, which yielded much admiration from the press. Although the design f the new Thinking models had been accepted well, Leno wasnt getting the credit it wanted and raising awareness for the brand had become an issue. While the Olympics sponsorship was seen to be a positive event for the brands reputation they were not seen as being a motivator for purchase. Leno had spent $250 million on worldwide marketing In 2005, which in many major markets was distant from the leader In market share of voice. In 2006, Leno planned to Introduce a new brand of PCS worldwide known as the 3000 Family; targeted at the small business market, these new computers would be parcel equal to competitor companies sun as pm HP, a pricing strategy inconsistent with the premium Thinking brand. With low awareness among small business customers, Lenos market research showed that they had to ensure that the 3000 family had a unique, distinctive and attractive design. Problem The big question Leno is faced with is how they should differentiate themselves from the competition in the midst of their shrinking market share, with consideration or the Thinking brand and the introduction of the 3000 Family PC series. Recommendation Leno needs to be careful so as to not hurt the credibility of their master brand which they have spent time, money, and effort to create. With their earlier decision to use the Thinking brand to compete in the premium PC market against such brands as Apple and Sony, it is important for them to stay consistent with that message; however stretching their product category to include PCs which compete with companies in the other business model that includes competitors such as Dell and HP can help to gain market share. Leno has the option of staying consistent with its position as a premium provider of PCs and promoting the 3000 Family as such, however this would completely be missing the new series mark as a unique alternative for small business owners. Because of this Leno should position the 3000 Family and the Thinking brand separately as unique sub-products of Leno, so they can appeal to their respective categories and not tarnish each others equity. To do this, Lenos first priority in their marketing efforts needs to continue the enforcement of the master brand (Leno itself) as being a producer of high quality PCs that strives for innovation. Lenos point of differentiation is in its ability to create PCs for all types of users which will help segue into the differentiation between their sub-products. Leno should run individual advertising campaigns for the Thinking and 3000 Family products to distinguish their unique purposes; however, they both should maintain the unifying message of the master brand that connects them, highlighting Lenos versatility. They should continue to use the Thinking brand to compete on the higher-end level, positioning it with a message of premium quality and innovation; while positioning the 3000 Family series towards small business customers as reliable and durable machines. The goal of this strategy is to help Leno to be seen in the eyes of the consumer as a company that can create both innovative PCs that are of premium quality and PCs that are more affordable and reliable. In achieving this Leno would be able to compete in both categories, allowing them to turn their shrinking share of the market around.

Definition and Examples of Short Answers in English

Definition and Examples of Short Answers in English In spoken English and informal writing, a short answer is a response made up of a subject and an auxiliary verb or modal. A short answer is generally regarded as more polite than just an abrupt yes or no. Conventionally, the verb in a short answer is in the same tense as the verb in the question. Also, the verb in the short answer should agree in person and number with its subject. Examples and Observations How did she do in her exams? Maria had already told me she had done quite well, but I was now flailing around to keep the conversation going.She passed.She is all right, isnt she?Yes, she is, he replied firmly.(Vikram Seth, An Equal Music. Random House, 1999)The poor lass took quite a fall, didnt she? Gelfrid remarked. Is she usually so clumsy?No, she isnt,† Judith answered.(Julie Garwood, The Secret. Pocket Books, 1992)Youre asking yourself, Can I give this child the best possible upbringing and keep her out of harms way her whole life long? The answer is no, you cant.(Barbara Kingsolver, The Bean Trees. Harper Row, 1988)Can we change? Yes, we can. Can they change? Yes, they can.(Oz Clarke, Oz Clarkes Pocket Wine Guide. Sterling, 2009)Will, youve been in love before, havent you? I mean, with Anna, of course . . . and your various . . . well, you have, havent you?Will looked into his glass. No. No, I havent.(Jennifer Donnelly, The Tea Rose. Macmillan, 2004) Whats up with him?His stomach is sick. Hes nervous about his speech.Hes got food poisoning! Helen declared. â€Å"Hasnt he?†Ã¢â‚¬Å"No, he has not!†Ã¢â‚¬Å"Yes, he has.†Ã¢â‚¬Å"No, he has not!†Ã¢â‚¬Å"Yes, he has.†(Marian Keyes, Anybody Out There? William Morrow, 2006)No, I wont, Jeremiahno I wontno I wont!I wont go, Ill stay here. Ill hear all I dont know, and say all I know. I will, at last, if I die for it. I will, I will, I will, I will!(Charles Dickens, Little Dorrit, 1857) Short-Answer Patterns Answers are often grammatically incomplete, because they do not need to repeat words that have just been said. A typical short answer pattern is subject auxiliary verb, together with whatever other words are really necessary. Can he swim? Yes, he can.(More natural than Yes, he can swim.)Has it stopped raining? No, it hasnt.Are you enjoying yourself? I certainly am.Youll be on holiday soon. Yes, I will.Dont forget to telephone. I wont.You didnt phone Debbie last night. No, but I did this morning. Non-auxiliary be and have are also used in short answers. Is she happy? I think she is.Have you a light? Yes, I have. We use do and did in answers to sentences that have neither an auxiliary verb nor non-auxiliary be or have. She likes cakes. She really does.That surprised you. It certainly did. Short answers can be followed by tags . . .. Nice day. Yes, it is, isnt it? Note that stressed, non-contracted forms are used in short answers.(Michael Swan, Practical English Usage. Oxford University Press, 1995) Short Answers With So, Neither, and Nor Sometimes a statement about one person also applies to another person. When this is the case, you can use a short answer with so for positive statements, and with neither or nor for negative statements using the same verb that was used in the statement. You use so, neither, or nor with an auiliary, modal, or the main verb be. The verb comes before the subject. You were different then. So were you.I dont normally drink at lunch. Neither do I.I cant do it. Nor can I. You can use not either instead of neither, in which case the verb comes after the subject. He doesnt understand. We dont either. You often use so in short answers after verbs such as think, hope, expect, imagine, and suppose, when you think that the answer to the question is yes. Youll be home at six? I hope so.So it was worth doing? I suppose so. You use Im afraid so when you are sorry that the answer is yes. Is it raining? Im afraid so. With suppose, think, imagine, or expect in short answers, you also form negatives with so. Will I see you again? I dont suppose so.Is Barry Knight a golfer? No, I dont think so. However, you say I hope not and Im afraid not. It isnt empty, is it? I hope not. (Collins COBUILD Active English Grammar. HarperCollins, 2003)

Byetree procurement strategy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 5500 words

Byetree procurement strategy - Essay Example However, this changed and went beyond the old practices when the UK government became active in the promotion of sustainable development and combating climate change (AECOM, 2012). In addition, the highway customers/consumers have become discerning on the quality and quantity of MSA services. It is a great challenge for the Baytree Leisure Plc, which is the developer of a proposed MSA, to design and build the facilities in accordance with the existing Building and Environment Regulations of UK, and customers’ demands and expectations. Therefore, it is in this context that the Baytree Plc has determined the type of procurement method to be applied in order to mitigate the construction and engineering risks as well as to achieve total sustainability and environment-worthiness of the project. Key Procurement Issues for Baytree Leisure Plc Procurement process for Baytree in the development of Motorway Services Area (MSA) is covered by the UK standard with the goal for an efficient and streamlined approach. To meet and achieve satisfying result, the project will integrate all members/key people in the procurement chain which included the project owner, contractors, sub-contractors and the customers. A closer working experience between Baytree and its general contractor and specialty contractors may yield better results in consideration of the requirement of customers. Customers in this instance are the driving public not only in the area but also visitors. Their needs must be considered from the design process to the procurement in order to fully address time, cost, and quality constraints if any. These are described in detail on the next discussion. Key procurement issues for Baytree for the construction and development of MSA in consideration of the requirements include but not limited to the design of sustainable and environmentally sound MSA details, integration of this design to the various stages, identifying locally available materials suppliers as wel l as well as professionals and teamworkers, and identifying alternative sustainable and environmentally sound supplies, materials and equipment, efficient delivery and storage. Design Process The design process employs strategies and systems to meet the following: Energy and environmental performance standards Maintain a view of the whole project as a seamless whole within the context of the locality Understands that the project exists within the context of a natural ecosystem even in an urban setting Incorporation of interdisciplinary collaboration throughout the design and construction process Maximised performance through maintenance of air quality as natural as possible and increased use of natural or daylighting Integration of all important construction and project design decisions and strategies prior to programming phase Optimised design choices through use of simulations, models, and other design tools Employment of life-cycle cost analysis in purchasing and general decision -making System must be easy to maintain and operate Equipment and systems must assure continued optimum performance Maintain well-documented performance to meet design intentions Resource-efficient construction operations

Article Writing about FingerID Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Writing about FingerID - Article Example echanism of authentication also compels the user to remember different passwords for multiple accounts since it is very dangerous to maintain the same password for all accounts. A new authentication mechanism has been proposed that will save the user from the hassle of remembering multiple passwords and provide effective security for the web services- FingerID. FingerID authenticates the users on the basis of their registered finger prints and provide single sign-in to multiple accounts. The advancement in the internet technology has enabled thousands of companies to offer their services online. The availability of the services attracts the users to utilize them but compels the users to make online accounts. This results in the presence of user’s personal information at different domains and organizations on the internet and multiple login credentials for the user. Every organization might not be following reliable security measures to safeguard the user information thereby creating security and privacy threats for the users. Some organizations deploy security measures for the storage of their data but fail to concentrate on the security mechanisms handling the exchange of data from one source to the other. The user’s information might be used for malicious purposes and result in identity thefts. The distributed nature of information increases the chances of inappropriate usage. Another issue that is faced with the existing web services is the lack of usability and accessibility. Usability makes the web experience more convenient for the user and accessibility introduces features and functionalities for users with disabilities. Most of the web services do not follow the standards that are meant to ensure the availability of accessibility and usability on the websites. These standards help the developers and designers evaluate their websites with respect to the usability and accessibility aspects and to ensure that their users do not face any difficulty in

Literature Review - Transformational Leadership Essay

Literature Review - Transformational Leadership - Essay Example In his discussion on political leaders, Burns defined transformational leadership as a process wherein leaders and followers mutually â€Å"promote each other to higher levels of morality and motivation (Jandaghi Matin & Farjami, 2009, p. 211). Another definition identifying transformational leadership as a process is that of Bass (1998) who described transformational leadership not as a characteristic but as a process wherein one person creates a link with another person, thereby establishing a connection that helps increase the level of motivation and morality, both for the leader and for the follower. Two elements appear common to these definitions, that of citing morality as the motivation for behavior, and the strong personal relationship between leader and follower, or between persons, as the source of that motivation. According to Barker (2001), leadership is: (1) a process not specifically a function of the person in charge, but a function of individual wills and needs addre ssed by the dynamics of the collective will; (2) a process of adaptation and of evolution, a deviation from convention involving the dynamic exchange and interchange of value; and (3) a process of energy, not structure. Leadership and change therefore go hand in hand; they are the two most important, yet most problematic elements of organizational behavior (Burnes & By, 2011). Leadership is concerned with bringing about transformational change. The fundamental differences between managers and leaders: †¢ Managers can be dismissed from their jobs for breaking rules; leaders can be dismissed for not breaking the rules when it is called for. †¢ Performance measures against which managers are evaluated are clear and short-term; criteria for judging leaders are more vague and long-term. Transformational v transactional leadership The study by Jiao, Richards and Zhang (2011) observed that transformational leaders and transactional leaders are often viewed in juxtaposition and th erefore contrasted against each other. However, there are successful leaders whose style and approach applies both transactional and transformational leadership principles. Transactional leadership is described as a process whereby followers perform assigned tasks in accordance with the leader’s instructions in contemplation of rewards and praise, while leaders ensure that the promised remuneration or praise, together with the resources necessary to complete the task, are given as promised. The deal becomes a quid-pro-quo, a give-and-take with each party working towards their own self-interest. Transformational leadership, however, involves profound change, wherein the leaders raise their followers’ awareness of the value and importance of specified outcomes, and suggest ways by which the follower may attain these outcomes. Leaders influence their followers and motivate them with a moral purpose, so that they transcend their personal interests and work for the collecti ve benefit, in the process fulfilling a higher order need. When the two (i.e., transactional and

Helicopter investigation Essay Example for Free

Helicopter investigation Essay Easily established, the sycamore tree produces sycamore seeds. These seeds are of an extremely strange looking seed, I say this because the seeds when in the air they spin like tiny helicopters. Due to the spinning they are kept in the air for a longer amount of time. Aim In this investigation I have been asked to find out how long it takes for a paper helicopter to fall 2 metres. After doing this I shall investigate other ways of changing the timing of its landing. I shall do this by using a range of variables. These include of:   Length of wings Number of tailsI have chosen to use the variable of the number of paperclips being added to the tail of the paper helicopter that I shall make. I have chosen to change this variable because I know that gravitation is the effect of the gravitational force of attraction, which acts between all objects in the universe. For example it is widely noticed with massive objects like the planets. The planets remain in orbit because of gravitational force of attraction. The gravitational force, which pulls the object downwards, is called the weight of the object. Isaac Newton stated that there is a gravitational force of attraction between any two objects with mass, which depends on their masses, and the distance between them. I think with this information I can easily say that by adding more and more paperclips on to the tail of the paper helicopter it will gain more weight which will cause the gravitational force to pull it downwards rather than upwards as there is a bigger mass pulling it downwards. I also chose to use this variable instead of changing the length of the wings because I thought that it would have a much more affective difference in the timing of its landing. In this investigation in order to get the best results possible I shall be doing the experiment 5 times. This will give me a good range of results and a better result as I get a better view of the timing of how long it takes to land with different numbers of paperclips attached to the tail of the paper helicopter. It is always essential to make every investigation of whatever type it is to make sure that it is going to be a fair test. In order to achieve this I shall only be changing one variable, which I have already established to be of the number of paperclips added to the tail of the paper helicopter. Prediction In the investigation which I shall be doing I think that I will be expecting for the paper helicopter to fall to the ground in a much quicker timing when it has 5 paperclips attached to the tail of it, than it should do when it has either none, 1,2,3,or 4 paperclips attached to the tail of the paper helicopter. I say this because from the information that I have already been supported by to take this investigation further, it also helps me with my prediction. Using Isaac Newtons law of gravitation, I can easily say that with his theory of objects being pulled downwards by a force called weight, it helps me to explain that when I add more and more paperclips to the tail of the paper helicopter it doesnt just mean that the number of paperclips are increasing but it also means that the mass is also increasing. Causing the paper helicopter to fall downwards and not upwards. Why do I say this? I say this because an example being is Say if I were to get a balloon and fill it with Helium, due to the helium being placed inside of the balloon we already know that for some reason the balloon seems to go up into the air. This is because Helium is lighter than air causing the gravitational force to pull it upwards and not downwards as the weight is very low. Whereas if we were to place water inside of the helium filled balloon it would be brought back downwards because the weight of the water forces the balloon to be brought back down again. What do I expect in the graph outcome? It is easily said that when a line graph is drawn out to show the results of the investigation that I am about to carry out, the line should start off near the very top of the y axis. This should be when there are no paperclips attached to the tail of the paper helicopter. Near quite the very end of the x axis should the very last point be drawn, therefore making the plotted points decreasing as it goes along the x and y axis. I think that this graph prediction would go for both the average graph and the graphs for all 5 sets of results, which shall be already obtained by that time. Equipment (As shown in Diagram 1. 1) Paper   Paper clips   Stopwatch/Timer   Scissors   Ruler Diagram 1. 1 Method What should I be doing in order to make this investigation to the highest standard possible? In order to get good results I firstly have to start off by making the paper helicopter. In this experiment I have to look into the needs of safety, I have noticed that none would have to be carried out such as goggles or safety cloaks etc How do I make a paper helicopter? Firstly I am to get a piece of A4 paper. Some may choose for the A4 to be coloured but I will just leave it to be plain. In our class lesson Mr Findley (our physics teacher,) has given us an information sheet, which includes of the carcass drawing of the paper helicopter. It shows us where to cut and fold and what measurements are involved. Diagram 1. 2 The diagram, which has been drawn above, has not been drawn to scale. Once I draw out the drawing of the paper helicopter on the A4 sheet of paper, carefully done using a ruler of course. I am to cut along and fold along the lines as described: Where the dotted lines are shown this is where we are to fold along, and where the straight solid lines have been drawn in, we are to cut along them. The cutting of course will be done with a pair of scissors. After they are cut out and folded along, some may find it better and more presentable if they are to be decorate and colour in their paper helicopters! What else is involved in this investigation? Once all of the above has been done we are to set up our equipment out. Having set out the timer, paperclips, and paper helicopter in front of me, I am to make sure that I have drawn out a results table, which I will record the timings down in. (As shown in the results table. ) I will then ask for a little help for getting the timing at the best time possible. When I went to drop/release the paper helicopter from my hands I realised that I wasnt actually in fact dropping/releasing the paper helicopter from 2 metres of height. In fact I was dropping it from my height with my arms being placed right above my head as high as I could manage. So I then made sure to measure how high I was releasing the paper helicopter from, I found that with the heels of my shoe and my arms being stretched up way above my head I was actually releasing the paper helicopter from a height of 2 metres and 3 centimetres. I left the measurement of the height I was releasing the paper helicopter at how it was already, because it was getting to the point where it would be getting very time consuming. When dropping the paper helicopter out of my hands I am to make sure that I drop it at the same time that my friend is to say GO, this is so that he can time it with accuracy. When the paper helicopter will land on the ground I will then yell STOP, so that he is able to stop the timer/stopwatch at the right time in order to get the most accurate timing possible. When I get results for dropping the paper helicopter without any paperclips attached to the tail of it, 5 times, I will make sure that I have written down the timings in my results table. After doing so, I am to attach the first paperclip to the paper helicopter and then do the same thing again. (Drop the paper helicopter, time it, and write down timings in results table. ) After every 5 sets of results with the same number of paperclips attached, I am to add another paperclip to the paperclip, which is already placed on the tail of the paper helicopter. I shall do this until I have 5 paperclips attached to the tail of the paper helicopter. How the paper clips should be placed has been shown in the diagram below. Diagram 1. 3 Results Table Number Of Paperclips 1st (Time in Seconds) 2nd (Time in Seconds) 3rd (Time in Seconds) 4th (Time in Seconds) 5th (Time in Seconds) Average (Time in Seconds) 08 As you can see, in the results tables above I have gathered all my timings into the table. Once I had placed all my timings in the table I was to work out the average of each set of timings. To do this I was to add up all of the sets of timings together and then divide it by 5 because that was the number of times I had done the experiment for each set. Here are my workings out towards how I worked out the average for each set of results. Workings out for Average(s) (Please note that / stands for the division sign) When working out the, I firstly got all my timings for the specific set of results, added them together and divided them by 5, I divided it by 5 because this was the number of times I had timed it falling from the air to the ground. As shown below: Number of paperclips = 0 Timings 1Graphs/Conclusion I have formed out a graph to show the results of the five sets of results. Another graph is shown on the next page, except this is a graph, which shows the averages of all 5 sets of results, which I had gathered in my investigation. From looking at this graph we can easily say that the second set of results stand out the most. I have re-checked my results and have noticed that none of the outcome results really stand out greatly, as they are all in proportion. This shows me that my experiments had gone very well without making any large genuine mistakes. I think that the 2nd time I did all the results, the timing may not have been stopped at the right time or maybe not started at the right time, causing the timing to be of a much higher outcome than it should have done. There is not really much of a time difference from when there was two paperclips on the tail of the paper helicopter to when there was three paperclips attached to the paper helicopters tail. Looking back at the result table I can see that there is only a difference of 0. 06 seconds whereas in my other results I have found there to be at least a 0. 10 second difference. It is obviously noticeable that my prediction was to go ahead to be forwardly correct. I can say this with confidence because I had information to back up my prediction, which helped me forward, my ideas towards what should actually happen in my experiment. As said earlier in my prediction, I mentioned that the line would be decreasing down towards the x axis and away from the y axis. We can see in the graph above that this predicament was proved to be correct. From looking at this averages graph it is easily spoken of that the investigation that I have carried have has gone very well. I say this because as shown above, we can see that the average line is actually going downwards as the number of paperclips had increased on the tail of the paper helicopter. Thus showing that my prediction was right. I was able to make sure that my prediction was quite reliable with backing it up with a hypothesis, which had been concluded, from Isaac Newtons Law of Gravitation. With the information from this Law of Gravitation I was able to predict that when there is a force being put onto an object from its natural force then it is called weight as it is pulling it downwards. So when I was asked to do an experiment that was involved in placing more and more paperclips to the tail of a paper helicopter I already knew in my mind that the timing of the landing would get shorter and shorter. This was due to general knowledge but also scientific knowledge Isaac Newtons Law of Gravitation. With this scientific explanation we have been able to predict many scientific happenings. Evaluation I am glad to say that throughout the whole of this investigation I did not make any noticeable, genuine mistakes. I later went on to find out that I was standing at a height of 2 metres and 3 centimetres. This information of course was later found out after I was more than half way through the experiment, so I had to decide whether to go ahead with doing the experiment all at a drop of 2 metres and 3 centimetres or change it and have half the results at 2 metres and 3 centimetres whilst the rest of the results would be obtained from a height of an exact 2 metres. I had decided that if I were to go on to do this I would not be carrying out a fair test. Although the investigation was asked of a 2 metre drop I still thought that although I had dropped it at an extra 3 centimetres higher it was still a very fair test because I had kept drop height throughout the whole of the investigation. Whilst doing the investigation I had managed to do everything according to how I had written it out to have been done, although sometimes I had to be re-timed as mistakes were made as I sometimes dropped the paper helicopter without being told to! All in all I think the investigation was carried out well and was a fair test, I made sure that only one variable was changed and that the timing was done at the most accurate timing possible. In order to make it a fair test it also meant that safety was to be involved as well, as far as I was concerned not many safety measures had to be taken, I say this because as mentioned earlier no safety goggles were needed, no hair was really in need of being tied back and no safety cloaks were to be worn. The only safety we were to be notified was to tuck in our stools so that no accidents were to be caused as the investigations were being held. Looking back at my results I dont really think that there were really any results which were unexpected, there may have been the one or two timings which may have been timed a bit earlier than they should have been but nothing which was really way out of proportion. If I were to do this experiment again I think that I will definitely make sure that I am to drop the paper helicopter at a height of 2 metres and not 2 metres and 3 centimetres! I shall aim to achieve more results although I feel that I already have a reasonable amount of timings. I think that if I were to do the experiment again I would achieve a very similar set of results, as it would only be from the difference of 3 centimetres. Bibliography In order to help e forward my ideas I was in need of many sources, in which I found the following helpful. 1) www. encarta. co. uk Law of Gravitation 2) The Usborne Illustrated Dictionary of Science. Physics, Chemistry and Biology. Written by; Corrine Stockley, Chris Oxlade and Jane Werthiem. 3) School GCSE Physics book 4) Physics Lesson.

The Reform Of Schools :: essays research papers

The Reform of Schools   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The government of Ontario proposes there is a need to make universally accepted rules in the school system. For students to be more disciplined, the government needs to achieve new province wide standards. If the new school standards will not discipline the students, and if each school entails its guidelines, then the government's province wide code of conduct will fail. Moreover, the intervention of the government will not enforce the students to become more disciplined. While the arguments for producing new rules are unrealistic, more powerful arguments can be made supporting the current code of conduct.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  With the government's proposition to create a new code of conduct, the students will receive more disciplinary action. Just as the law governs society, the province wide guideline governs the student body. Since the rules will be explained, and since the students will understand the consequences of their actions, then the students will follow these rules. Due to the thoroughness and strictness of the outcomes, there will be fewer problems in the school system. Moreover, to separate schools means to separate students. Since the new code of conduct produces equality, and since it sets forth equal status among individuals, then the students will have a standard that the entire province takes part in. Now, the schools are going from each one entailing their code of conduct. To treating all schools as equals. For example, if a student in Ontario skips out of class, and if the student receives a punishment (making up that class on their time  ® weekends), then the students in other provinces will not skip out of class. Overall, the new bill will make the students who do not want to be at school the school's choice, not the students.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In opposing this proposition, the intervention of the government will not solve schools individual problems. Since discipline is taking place in schools, and since certain schools acquire more disciplinary action from others, then the current code of conduct exemplifies self-discipline and respect towards authority. Purpose for multiple codes of conduct allows the school system to punish the students accordingly. If there was a new province wide standard, there would be one punishment to distribute; however, with the current system, teachers are allowed to fluctuate the punishment according to the severity of the crime. In addition, punishments and discipline play an active role in a student's development. It is essential in determining respect for themselves and authority.

Nursing and Theory

Theories and models of nursing practice Dr. Sabah Abbas Ahmad College of Nursing university of Baghdad Sabah. [email  protected] com COMPETENCIES 1. Definitions of theory, concept, model, proposition. 2. Explain the relationships of concepts and propositions to theory 3. Discuss the purpose of theory. 4. Explain the USE OF theories from other disciplines: . .5. Explain the interdependent roles of nursing practice, nursing theory, and nursing research. .6. History and evolution of nursing theory 7. Identify m Common concept in nursing Theories. 8.Identify the three categories relating to the scope of theories. .. – Theories and models of nursing practice Introduction: Nursing theory provides a perspective from which to define the what of nursing, to describe the who of nursing (who is the client) and when nursing is needed, and to identify the boundaries and goals of nursing’s therapeutic activities. Theory is fundamental to effective nursing practice and research. Th e professionalization of nursing has been and is being brought about through the development and use of nursing theory.The basic elements that structure a nursing theory are concepts and propositions. In a theory, propositions represent how concepts affect each other. A concept is the basic building block of a theory. Definitions – A concept : Is a vehicle of thought? According to Chinn and Kramer (1995, p. 78), the refers to a â€Å"complex mental formulation of †¦ our Perceptions of an observable fact that term concept the world. † A concept labels or names a phenomenon, can be perceived through the senses and explained.A concept assists us in formulating a mental image about an object or situation. Concepts help us to name things and occurrences in the world around us and assist us in communicating with each other about the world. Independence, self-care, and caring are just a few examples of concepts frequently encountered in health care. Theories are formulat ed by linking concepts together. -A conceptual framework or Model: is a structure that links global concepts together and represents the unified whole of a larger reality.The specifics about phenomena within the global whole are better explained by theory. By its nature, a concept is a socially constructed label that may represent more than a single phenomenon. For example, when you hear the word chair, a mental image that probably comes to mind is an item of furniture used for sitting. The word chair could represent many different kinds of furniture for sitting, such as a desk chair, a high chair, or an easy chair . It is important to remember that the same concept may be used differently in various theories.For example, one nursing theory may use the concept of environment to mean all that surrounds a human being (the external environment), whereas another theory may use this concept to mean the external environment and all the biological and psychological components of the person (the internal environment). – What Is a Proposition? A proposition: (another structural element of a theory) is a statement that proposes a relationship between concepts. An example of a nonnursing proposition might be the statement â€Å"people seem to be happier in the springtime. This proposition establishes a relationship between the concept of happiness and the time of the year. A nursing propositional statement linking the concept of helplessness and the concept of loss might be stated as â€Å"multiple and rapid losses predispose one to feelings of helplessness. † Propositional statements in a theory represent the theorist’s particular view of which concepts fit together and, in most theories, establish how concepts affect one another. What Is a Theory? A theory: is a set of concepts and propositions that provide an orderly way to view phenomena.In the scientific literature, Nursing theory is developed to describe the phenomenon (process, occurrence, or event) called nursing. Nursing theory differentiates nursing from other disciplines and activities that in that the purposes of describing, explaining, predicting, and controlling desired outcome of nursing care practices. – â€Å"The purpose of a theory: in scientific disciplines is to guide research to enhance the science by supporting existing knowledge or generating new knowledge†. A theory not only helps us to organize our thoughts and ideas, but it may also help direct us in what to do and when and how to do it.The use of the term theory is not restricted to the scientific world, however. It is often used in daily life and conversation. For example, when telling a friend about a mystery novel you are reading, you may have said, â€Å"I have a theory about who committed the crime. † -USE OF theories from other disciplines: In addition to using theories specifically constructed to describe, explain, and predict the phenomena of concern to nursing, the nursi ng profession has long used theories from other disciplines. A discipline : is a field of study.Theories from biological, physical, and behavioral sciences are commonly used in the practice of nursing. For example, nonnursing theories such as Maslow’s Hierarchy of Basic Human Needs, Erikson’s Theory of Human Development, and Selye’s General Adaptation Syndrome have been and continue to be useful in nursing practice. These nonnursing theories are often incorporated into nursing practice together with specific nursing theories. – – Importance of nursing theories ;in clinical practice: Nursing theories provide a framework for thought in which to examine situations.As new situations are encountered, this framework provides a structure for organization, analysis, and decision making. In addition, nursing theories provide a structure for communicating with other nurses and with other members of the health care team. Nursing theories assist the discipline of nursing in clarifying beliefs, values, and goals, and they help to define the unique contribution of nursing in the care of clients. When the focus of nursing’s contribution is clear, then greater professional autonomy and, ultimately, control of certain aspects of practice are achieved.In the broadest sense, nursing theory is necessary for the continued development and evolution of the discipline of nursing. Because the world of health care changes virtually on a daily basis, nursing needs to continue to expand its knowledge base to proactively respond to changes in societal needs. Knowledge for nursing practice is developed through nursing research that, in turn, is used to either test existing theories or generate new theories. Nursing Practice Nursing research Nursing theory Process of knowledge development. Nursing practice, theory, and research are interdependent.Nursing theory development and nursing research activities are directed toward developing nursing practi ce standards . Nurses may use a specific nursing theory to help guide their practice or may choose a more eclectic approach and adopt ideas from several theories. Both of these approaches are valid. Furthermore, nurses may find some theories more appropriate for certain situations. In that case, one theory can be used with a client in a home health care setting, whereas another theory may be more applicable to a client in an acute care environment.Regardless of the approach chosen, nurses will recognize the value and usefulness of nursing theory as a tool for effective nursing practice. Common concept in nursing Theories: Four concepts common in nursing theory that influence and determine nursing practice are: 1-The person (patient) 3- Health and 4- Nursing Each of these concepts is usually defined and described by a nursing theorist, and although these concepts are common to all nursing theories, both the definition and the relations among them may differ from one theory to another .Of the four concepts, the most important is that of the person . The focus of nursing, regardless of definition or Theory, is the person. Relationship of theory to nursing process: Professional nurses use theories from nursing and from the behavioral sciences to collect, organize, and classify patient data and to understand, analyze, and interpret patients' health situations.Theoretical concepts and theories guide all phases of the nursing process, including planning, implementing, and evaluating nursing care, while also describing and explaining desired responses to and outcomes of care. The major concepts of a chosen model or theory guide each of the nursing process . The concepts serve as categories to the nurse in determining what information is relevant and should be collected to make assessments and to formulate nursing diagnoses.The concepts also suggest the appropriate types of nursing interventions and patient outcomes to be included in the care plan. Types of theories: â €Å"Although theories address relatively specific and concrete phenomena, they vary in scope. Scope refers to the relative level of substantive specificity of a theory and the concreteness of its concepts and propositions† three different categories relate to the scope of theories: grand theories, middle-range theories, and micro-range theories.This classification is applicable to both nursing and nonnursing theories. 1- A grand theory is composed of concepts representing global and extremely complex phenomena. It is the broadest in scope, represents the most abstract level of development, and addresses the broad phenomena of concern within the discipline. Typically, a grand theory is not intended to provide guidance for the formation of specific nursing interventions, but rather provides an overall framework for structuring broad, abstract ideas (Fawcett, 1993).An example of a grand theory is Orem’s Self-Care Deficit Theory of Nursing. 2- Middle-Range Theory : A theor y that addresses more concrete and more narrowly defined phenomena than a grand theory is known as a middle-range theory. Descriptions, explanations, and predictions put forth in a middle-range theory are intended to answer questions about nursing phenomena, yet they do not cover the full range of phenomena of concern to the discipline. A middle- ange theory provides a perspective from which to view complex situations and a direction for interventions (Fawcett, 1993). An example of a middlerange theory is Peplau’s Theory of Interpersonal Relations. 3- A micro-range theory is the most concrete and narrow in scope. A micro- range theory explains a specific phenomenon of concern to the discipline (Fawcett, 1993), such as the effect of social supports on grieving and would establish nursing care guidelines to address the problem. History and evolution of nursing theory The work of early nursing theorists in the 1950s focused on the tasks of nursing practice from a somewhat mechan istic viewpoint. Because of this emphasis, much of the art of nursing—the value of caring, the relationship aspects of nursing, and the esthetics of practice—was diminished. During the decades of the 1960s, 1970s, and 1980s, many nursing theorists struggled with making nursing practice, theory, and research fit into the then prevailing view of science.Reflecting changes in global awareness of health care needs, several contemporary nursing theorists have projected a new perspective for nursing that truly unifies the notion of nursing as both an art and a science. Noted nursing theorists such as Leininger, Watson, Rogers, Parse, and Newman have been urging the discipline of nursing to embrace this new emerging view that is seen as more holistic, humanistic, client focused, and grounded in the notion of caring as the core of nursing.Since the early 1950s, many nursing theories have been systematically developed to help describe, explain, and predict the phenomena of conc ern to nursing. Each of these established theories provides a unique perspective and each is distinct and separate from other nursing theories in its particular view of nursing phenomena. REFERENCES Leahy,j. ,Kizilay,P. : Foundations of nursing practice; Nursing process Approach, New York, W. B. Saunders, 2005 White, L. : Foundations of Nursing: Caring the Whole Person, NewYork, Thomson Learning, 2001