What Ways Does An Individuals Behaviour Change?

What Ways Does An Individuals Behaviour Change? This essay will explore whether an individuals behaviour truly changes when they are part of a group through the consideration of various perspectives, methods and underpinning epistemological assumptions and will take the viewpoint that an individuals behaviour does change when s/he is part of a group, however it is necessary to consider the context, such as societal and cultural factors and the importance of experience, interactions, social norms and values as one branch of social psychology, or one form of experimentation cannot fully predict or explain group and individual behaviour. The most prominent debates, theories and studies in relation to group behaviour will be discussed from a multi-perspective position, mainly exploring the social and cognitive aspects of group behaviour, as well as the methodology of experimentation and how group behaviour is measured. This will ensure that a reductionist approach to the subject is avoided. Key factors involved in group behaviour incl ude; obedience, conformity, groupthink, social identity theory (Tajfel, 1979), prejudice, stereotypes and schemas, which will be discussed and evaluated alongside relevant research throughout the essay. This is due to how these factors influence how an individuals behaviour changes under group influence, for example how Aschs line test portrayed the effects of majority influence (Asch, 1952). A group has been defined by some theorists as two or more individuals who perceive themselves as being members of the group or social category (Turner, 1982; Brown, 2000). Group behaviour refers to a situation in which individuals interact in small or large groups, within these groups there may be certain norms, values which are internalised within the individual (Vygotsky, 1978), communication patterns and status differentials. The majority of research conducted in the area of group behaviour is mainly based in the experimental psychology perspective; however critical and qualitative psychologists argue there is a lesser focus on the study of behaviour in context which ideally involves the acknowledgment of the impact of society and culture on group behaviour (Bronfenbrenner, 1979; Fox Prilleltensky, 1997; Gergen, 1973; Himmelweit Gaskell, 1990; Renshon Duckitt, 2000), social roles, environments, experiences, relationships, and a movement away from laboratory based measurements. Within mainstream psychology there is still a focus on the cognitive and affective aspects of behaviour, whilst individual level processes which are fundamental in social and group processes are not always acknowledged. According to Nafstad Blakar (Nafstad Blakar, 2012); A full-fledged social psychology cannot be based on experimental laboratory research alone. This is because it is necessary to concentrate on methodological approaches for future research as much of the quantitative experimental psychology involved in addressing and measuring group behaviour does not acknowledge core social aspects such as social life, social behaviour and human development as social beings. One key area within group behaviour is obedience. The study of obedience entails the tendency to comply with orders from an authority figure and where group behaviour is concerned obedience entails an individual adapting their actions in order to comply with the groups wishes or rules. Concerned with the atrocities committed during Nazi Germany, Milgram explored the effects of obedience under the influence of authority (Milgram, 1974). Participants, who witnessed the confederate being strapped into a chair with electrodes in another room, were given the role of teacher whilst a confederate of the experimenter was given the role of learner; The teacher was expected to administer an electric shock for every wrong answer in what they were lead to believe was an experiment about learning, the shocks increased at 15 volt increments and when the participant refused to administer the shocks, they were given standard instructions (prods) by the experimenter, who wore a lab coat, therefore ac ting as an authority figure within the group. 65% of participants administered the full 450 volts, suggesting that obedience is related to situational pressures. In order to attempt to explain why individuals would behave in the way they did during the experiment, Milgram proposed the agency theory. The agency theory according to Milgram consists of two states; the autonomous state, in which individuals make decisions on their own ideas and beliefs, and the agentic state, in which in which individuals give up responsibility and defer the responsibility to those of a higher status. Although the agency theory does attempt to explain rare occurrences such as the obedience in events such as the Mai Lai Massacre and Nazi Germany, there may be other explanations for the obedience, as suggested by French and Raven (French Raven, 1959) who suggested there are five different types of power; legitimate power, reward power, coercive power, expert power and referent power. It is also important to note that the agency theory is more of a description of how society works, rather than explaining why individuals obey authority figures against their better j udgement in some situations. The theory of groupthink could also be applied in order to explain the phenomological behaviour in Milgrams study, as groupthink entails group decisions which are often irresponsible, dangerous, made under extreme pressure and dominated by a powerful leader, therefore Milgrams theory alone by not be sufficient in exploring individual and group behaviour. There are several ethical issues within Milgrams study such as the lack of debriefing, the distress caused to the participants and deception about the nature of the study. Also, despite Milgram carrying out several variations of his original experiment, the experiment has methodological flaws. Due to the laboratory setting of the experiment there was a distinct lack of ecological validity as the obedience portrayed in compliance with an authority figure does not necessarily represent and cannot be generalised to real life social interactions. It has been suggested that Milgrams experiment became caught up in the broader processes of psychologisation (De Vos, 2009). This is due to the power of science and the authority of experimentation which is suggested in the study, specifically where the experimenter acts as an authority figure within the peer-group, urging participants to continue with the experiment. Also, it has been argued that the experiment dramatizes peoples capacity for violence (Brannigan, 2004) and only demonstrates a short-term measure of obedience (Stainton Rogers et al, 1995). Taking these points into consideration, the need for a multi-perspective view of group behaviour can be reiterated as a concentration on laboratory experiments alone does not fully account as an explanation of group behaviour and obedience, this is further evidenced by the suggestion that Milgram does not make a concise conclusion concerning the study. We are led to no conclusions about obedience, really, but rather are exhorted [à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦] to be impressed with the power of your situation as an influence context (Parker, 2000). Further replications of Milgrams original study were conducted in order to address some of the issues which were presented within the experiment, such as ethical issues (Burger 2009) and methodological flaws (Meeus and Raaijmakers, 1995), therefore taking a further qualitative stance on the original study. A solely experimental approach to the study of obedience within individual and group behaviour may not necessarily be useful, although the phenomenon of obedience is portrayed in Milgrams experiment, no true conclusion or explanation is drawn due to a lack of acknowledgement of social, political and cultural factors, and a reliance on quantitative and experimental social psychology. Another area of study within individual and group behaviour is conformity. Conformity is the influence on an individual which may alter their beliefs or behaviour in response to the pressure of a group in order to internalise or fit in with a group. According to Man (Man, 1969) there are three types of conformity; these are normative, which is a desire to be liked by the group, informational, which is a desire to be correct and identification which is conformity to a social role. Aschs well known line study explores normative conformity due to the participants attempts to avoid rejection from the group and informational conformity due to the participants desire to be correct. Asch suggests that an individual will attempt to internalise with a group and display the effects of majority influence (Asch, 1952). The experiment consisted of a participant who was given a selection of lines and was asked to judge which was most similar to a comparison line in the presence of others, who were actually confederates of the experimenter who were instructed to purposely give incorrect answers. 5% of participants conformed to all of the trials, 33% conformed to over half of the trials and 25% did not conform at all. Several variations of the original experiment were conducted; when one confederate was present none of the participants conformed, however when more than three confederates were present strong conformity occurred. This suggests the effects of majority influence and pressure on the individual to act in a manner in accordance to a group, the desire to be liked and avoidance of rejection from the group. Aschs line study distinctly lacked ecological validity due to its artificial laboratory setting, which suggests that the experiment had low ecological validity and may be difficult to generalise to a real-life situation. A replication of Aschs original experiment in which the participants were British engineering, mathematics and chemistry students suggested low reliability within the original study, out of the 396 trials, a participant conformed with the incorrect majority on only one trial.. Aschs experiment has been referred to as a child of its time, due to the social, political and historical context in which Aschs experiment was conducted, as conformity was a social norm during Post-World War Two era, whilst the notion of individualism was rejected (Perrin and Spencer, 1980). The lack of reliability in the study may be due to a change in what is socially acceptable rather than a methodological flaw, and therefore it is of importance to acknowledge social norms and values whilst studying group behaviour as well as the notion that group behaviour cannot be based within experimental psychology alone (Nafstad and Blakar, 2012). One prominent theory which may be applied to real life examples of group behaviour is Social Identity Theory (Tajfel, 1979). Social Identity Theory details how membership to a group gives an individual a sense of social identity, these groups are important in enhancing an individuals self-esteem and pride, therefore individuals may attempt to increase the status of their own group, or simply discriminate against an out-group through social categorisation. Discrimination against an out-group occurs through prejudice and stereotypes which occurs through three cognitive processes; social categorisation, which is the decision about which group you belong to, social identification, which is more overt identification with the in-group, and social comparison which is comparison to the out-group which is believed to be inferior, this in turn increases the self-esteem of the in-group (Tajfel Turner, 1979). Although it can be argued that Social Identity Theory can provide a concise and full e xplanation for the formation if in-groups and out-groups, it does not clearly define how the process occurs and also is not a predictor of behaviour (Hogg, 2000). Therefore, although Social Identity Theory can explain some aspects of group behaviour, it may not be applicable to real world phenomenon as it cannot provide full explanation for real-life group behaviour such as acts of terrorism. In real-world research, such as a psychological approach to terrorism, it has been suggested that it is necessary not to allow cognitive biases to cloud the analysis of political situations (Abrahms, 2006; Scheier, 2007). Therefore, experimental psychology alone may not be useful in analysing and explaining real-life situations. However, Zimbardo (Zimbardo, 2002) argues that terrorism is all about psychology as it is key to understanding the motives, values and ideology of terrorists; therefore it is clear there is debate as to how real-life examples of group behaviour should be studied. Although many of the most prominent studies in the area of group and individual behaviour are based within experimental psychology, there is a tendency for discursive, critical and qualitative psychologists to argue that there is a need for the exploration of social norms, values and experiences, rather than the notion held by experimental psychology which simply acknowledges that these factors have an affect. When considering the experiments and debates which are discussed within the study of group behaviour, in order for future research to attempt to provide a more concise explanations of group behaviour it may be appropriate to concentrate on people on an individual level within context as well as their actions in a group situation, for example acknowledging their experiences, relationships, values and social roles in order to draw conclusions as to why individuals act in accordance to a group instead of simply displaying extreme phenomena such as in the cases of Milgram and Zimba rdo. It has been suggested that current mainstream social psychology is primarily characterised by the study of the interactions between the individual and groups through experimental study and as a result of this, context such as social and cultural levels have not been represented to their true extent (Doise, 1982/1986). References Abrahms, M. Why Terrorism Does Not Work, International Security, Vol. 31, No. 2, pp.42-78. Asch, S. E. Social psychology. New York: PrenticeHall, 1952 Brannigan, A. (2004) The Rise and Fall of Social Psychology: The Use and Misuse of the Experimental Method. New Jersey: Aldine Transaction. Bronfenbrenner, U. (1979). The ecology of human development. Experiments by nature and design. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. Brown, R. (2000) Group Processes: Dynamics within and between groups (2nd ed.), Oxford, Blackwell. Burger, J. (2009). Replicating Milgram: Would people still obey today? American Psychologist, 64, 1-11. De Vos, J. (2009) Now that you know, how do you feel: The Milgram experiment and psychologisation. Annual Review of Critical Psychology, 7, 223-246. Accessed at: http://www.discourseunit.com/arcp/7.htm on 24th November 2010. Doise, W. (1982/1986). Lexplication en psychologie sociale/Levels of explanation in social psychology. Paris: Editions de la Maison des Sciences de lHomme. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Fox, D., Prilleltensky, I. (Eds.). (1997). Critical Psychology. An Introduction. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications. French, J. R. P., Raven, B. The bases of social power. In D. Cartwright, A. Zander. Group dynamics. New York: Harper Row, 1959. Gergen, K. J. (1973). Social psychology as history. Journal of personality and social psychology, 26, 309-320. Himmelweit, H. T., Gaskell, G. (Eds.). (1990). Societal Psychology. London: Sage Publications. Hogg, Michael A.; Williams, Kipling D. (2000). From I to we: Social identity and the collective self. Group Dynamics: Theory, Research, and Practice 4 (1): 81-97 Man, L (1969). Social Psychology. New York: Wiley Meeus, W.H.J., Raaijmakers, Q.A.W. (1995). Obedience in modern society: The Utrecht studies. Journal of Social Issues, 51 (3), 155-175. Milgram, S. (1974). Obedience to authority: An experimental view. New York: Harper Row Parker*, I. (2000). Obedience. Granta, 71(4): 99-125. Perrin, S. Spencer, C. (1980) The Asch effect: a child of its time? Bulletin of the British Psychological Society, 32, 405-406. Nafstad, H. E. Blakar, R. M. (2012). Ideology and Social Psychology. Social and Personality Psychology Compass. 6 (4), 282-294. Renshon, S. A., Duckitt, J. (2000). Political psychology. Cultural and crosscultural foundations. London: MacMillan Press Scheier, B. (2007) The Evolutionary Brain Glitch that Makes Terrorism Fail, WIRED. Accessed at: http://www.wired.com/politics/security/commentary/securitymatters/2007/07/securitymatters_0712 on 25th October 2007. Stainton Rogers, R., Stenner, P., Gleeson, K. Stainton Rogers, W. (1995). Social Psychology: A Critical Agenda. Polity: Cambridge Tajfel, H., Turner, J. C. (1979). An integrative theory of intergroup conflict. In W. G. Austin S. Worchel (Eds.), The social psychology of intergroup relations (pp. 33-47). Monterey, CA: Brooks/Col Turner, J. C. (1982). Toward a cognitive redefinition of the social group. In H. Tajfel (Ed.), Social identity and intergroup behavior (pp. 15-40). Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press. Vygotsky, L. S. (1978). Mind in Society: The Development of Higher Psychological Processes. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. Zimbardo, P.G. (2002) Psychology to Play Key Role in National Centre on Terrorism. Monitor on Psychology, 33 (11), December 2002. Accessed at: on 23 January 2006.

Suspense and Tension in Short Stories of H.G. Wells :: H.G. Wells Short Story Essays

Suspense and Tension in Short Stories of H.G. Wells Herbert George Wells was best known as the author of fantasy and science fiction novels: The Time Machine, The Invincible man, The War of the worlds, The Stolen Bacillus, The man who could work miracles and The Red Room. From this vast collection of different genres, three stories have been chosen to illustrate, compare and contrast how the different setups create tension and suspense. There are similarities and differences in the settings that the writers have chose for their stories by H.G.Wells. These stories though different in genre and plot illustrate how H.G.Wells manages to capture the imagination of the reader and create atmosphere and tension in contrasting ways. The Three stories I agreed to choose were The Red Room, the Stolen Bacillus and The man who could work miracles. The Red Room is a story about a young man 28 years old goes to this houses where people had been complaining about this ghost like figure they keep hearing in a room of there's. The young man arrives at the house only to be surrounded by a bunch of old people, these old people made the man feel very uncomfortable and unsure about what they want him to do. After a while even the young man confesses to himself how he wasn't expecting these miserable old people in this quote "I must confess I had scarce expected these grotesque custodians "(pg 4). The man later went on to describes how the men became ghost's of themselves "A monstrous shadow of him crouched upon the wall and mocked his actions as he poured and drank" (pg 6) A man with a withered arm repetitively keep saying the words "It's your own choosing to go in that room" (pg 6). The man then got described to him what had been happening in the house, and then he walked along the corridor with the old man with the withered arm and into the room. Only the young man entered the room to see that it was dark and no lights were working. So he stayed and settled for a while, he had a look around and then suddenly something came up behind him and the man blacked out. When he woke up all of the old people were surrounding him and he couldn't remember a thing. Then the old people are eager to know all about what happened to the young man. Then he explains to them that "there's neither a ghost nor an earl in the room but it's the worst thing of all that haunt poor mortal man", he said and that

labor history :: essays research papers

UberFLAC v0.89 - tools to help with ÃÅ"berStandard 3.0/FLAC rips ============================================================== These rather hackish tools help with ÃÅ"berStandard 3.0/FLAC rips. FLACScript enforces and checks MD5 sums for FLAC rips, and does it better than oggscript. It also generates standard-compliant MD5 checksum files now, that anything else like md5sum or hksfv can check too. UberTrans allows you to safely transcode FLAC rips to the other UberStandard formats. Yes, it only works on FLAC. Deal with it, that'll never change. Instructions for installation: ============================== I apologise for the following rather unformatted drivel. I haven't had time, but the instructions are all here. I hope. 1. Install ActiveState ActivePerl: (5.8.2.808 here: http://downloads.activestate.com/ActivePerl/Windows/5.8/ActivePerl-5.8.2.808-MSWin32-x86.msi - later versions should work OK, check the website http://www.activestate.com/Products/ActivePerl/ for details, you do _not_ need to enter anything or register, use the latest Windows MSI build) 2. Create a new directory C:uber 3. Unpack this archive to the C:uber directory, so you have directories: C:uberutils C:uberripFLAC C:ubertransFLAC and C:ubertransAPS (and several others under trans, one for each format). 4. You need to put C:uberutils in your $PATH, do it like this: (instructions are for Windows XP, other versions may vary) a) Press WinKey+Pause/Break to bring up System Properties (alternatively, right-click My Computer and select Properties) b) Switch to Advanced tab c) Press Environment Variables button near the bottom of the dialog d) In the bottom half of this Environment Variables dialog is a system variables list. You'll see Path in there. Edit it; DO NOT overwrite everything in it. Your system needs that stuff, so be careful here and do exactly what I say: Press Home (go to the beginning), type "C:uberutils;" without the quotes EXACTLY, including that semicolon at the end (don't insert any spaces or anything!), and press Return. Your Path should look SOMETHING like this: c:uberutils;C:Perlbin;%SystemRoot%system32;%SystemRoot%;%SystemRoot%System32Wbem It may be longer or different, but it gives you an idea what to expect. e) Press OK in this dialog and OK again in the previous dialog to commit the changes. f) Reboot for the new changes to take effect. 7. WinKey+R (Run), type cmd, press return (to open a command prompt) for when you come back: ubertrans should give a nice version message. to rip in FLAC: set up to uberstandard with following tweaks. I recommend you don't open external compressor windows. Don't close EAC until you see there's NO compression tasks remaining (in the statusbar at the bottom), whatever you do... other than that, it's less trouble. You may also want to change ripping and encoding priority to Idle (it's a shame it doesn't support changing encoding priority to Idle but keeping ripping priority Normal, really).

Ensuring Freedom by Preserving the Values of Trade Unions Essay

Ensuring Freedom by Preserving the Values of Trade Unions Thoughtful committed citizens are the only thing that have ever changed the world. —Margaret Mead Anti-union sentiment is increasingly pervading American culture. In fact, one critic says, â€Å"The United States in now on the verge of a risky experiment: to become the first parliamentary democracy in modern world history without a substantial trade union movement† (Lichtenstein 66). In addition to weakening bargaining power, the judicial system allows workers to resign in the midst of a strike and scab on coworkers. A huge number of professionals and supervisors were even deemed exempt from representation (Lichtenstein 66). Legislation and corporate wealth are eroding the power of organized labor and thereby obfuscating workplace democracy; extinguishing employee rights; eroding the living standards of working, working- poor, and middle class Americans; muting the voice of minorities; retarding environmental improvements; increasing corporate domination of politics; and auguring exploitation of workers throughout the world. However, a significant portion of freedoms, to which Americans have become accustomed, would be greatly diminished or non-existent without the social values that are embodied by organized labor. Evidence suggests that employers seldom behave democratically without the mandate of a higher authority such as the government or a union. It is no wonder that workplace dictatorships are becoming a widespread phenomenon as government regulations fail to adequately protect workers but enhance the power of employers: â€Å"Fear of being fired, downsized, laid off, of not making pension time, poverty in a new economy, of part-time and insecure, low-paid jobs, an... ...titute, 1997. Lawrence, Vince. â€Å"John Sweeney’s Militant Unionism.† The New Republic 6 Oct. 1997: 23 - 24. LeRoy, Greg. â€Å"The Terrible Ten.† The Progressive 28 May 1999: 27 - 30. Lichtenstein, Nelson. â€Å"Work Rights, Individual Rights.† Dissent Spring 1997: 66 - 72. Mantois, Gregory. A New Labor Movement for the New Century. New York: Monthly Review Press, 1998. Moberg, David. â€Å"Union Pension Power.† The Nation 1 June 1998: 16 - 19. Puddington, Arch. â€Å"Is Labor Back?† Commentary July 1998: 39 - 42. Shribman, David. â€Å"Big Labor Gets Its Act Together.† Fortune 29 Sept. 1997: 60 - 61. Silbiger, Stephen. â€Å"State of Unions.† National Review 26 Jan. 1998: 20 - 21. Smith, Peter. â€Å"The Fractured World of the Temporary Worker.† Journal of Labour 22.2 (‘1998): 414 -427. Wells, Don. â€Å"Labour Solidarity Goes Global.† Canadian Dimension 32.2 (1998): 33 - 39.

Marijuana Should Be Legal for Anyone over 21

Marijuana should be legalized for recreational purposes to anyone over 21 years of age. Marijuana has been proven to be safer than alcohol, yet marijuana is against the law. Alcohol is known to contribute to acts of violence and crime, while in most cases cannabis can reduce aggression in its users. â€Å"In last year’s cases of reported violent crime three million offenders had been drinking. Almost all cases of date rape, sexual assault, and domestic violence had some kind of connection to alcohol† (Medical Fact: Marijuana is Safer Than Alcohol, 2009). Marijuana has not been linked or has been left absent from any of those type of crime reports. Alcohol-related traffic accidents have gone down in the past 20 to 30 years; however, they still kill approximately 14,000 lives every year according to MADD. The numbers for THC-related traffic deaths are very rare because most of the deaths in these cases the driver was also under the influence of alcohol or other drugs. However, â€Å"there is evidence from a number of studies, including some laboratory simulations that give power to the idea that people under the influence of cannabis seem to be aware of their impaired motor skills, and two tend to drive below the posted speed limit. People under the influence of alcohol are more likely to unaware or defiant about their impaired state and most tend to speed or drive recklessly† (RN, How Many People Actually Die from Marijuana and Alcohol, 2010). Some of the main concerns about legalizing marijuana are if marijuana causes any type of cancer or long time health effects. â€Å"Alcohol abuse as we know can contribute too many different long-term negative health problems, mainly cirrhosis of the liver and other types of cancers. There are some doctors that state that a small quantity of alcohol, taken daily, is good for salutary health effects, alcohol is still one of the worst drugs that someone could take for pain management† (Kaufman, 2008). Marijuana has not been linked to cause any type of cancer but instead is used to treat some side effects of cancer and cancer treatment. Studies have been done to see if marijuana has any link to causing cancer. Donald Tashkin from the University of California Los Angeles is a pulmonologist that has studied marijuana and its effects for over 30 years. He stated that â€Å"New findings were against our expectation. A study was done were we hypothesized that there would be an association between marijuana and lung cancer, and with heavier use of the drug that the link would be even more positive. Instead we found that there was no association at all, we even found that THC might have some protective effects against cancer† (Tashkin, 2009). Many states have already made marijuana legal for medical use because of all its positive effects on the user. Some government officials are trying to keep marijuana illegal because they say it is a gateway drug, and will lead children to harder drugs such as methamphetamine and cocaine. However the RAND study performed by the U. S. National Household Survey on Drug Abuse (which measures patterns and frequency of self-reported drug use among Americans) found that â€Å"Marijuana experimentation by adolescents does not lead to the use of harder drug’s, and that teenagers who tried hard drugs were predisposed to do so whether or not they tried marijuana. Almost anything can be called a gateway drug in today’s time. Most people can remember a popular candy know as Candy Cigarettes. â€Å"Candy Cigarettes that are exactly the way you remember them as a kid. Each pack has 10 white candy sticks with a red tip, ready to be rolled up in your T-shirt sleeve† (Oldtime Candy Company, 2010). I asked my parents about my use of Candy Cigarettes. â€Å"When you were 8 or 9 you always wanted to act cool like the older guys on our street. You would always ask for those things, and you and your best friend would stand outside playing with them. If I would have known that it would have led to you really smoking I would have never bought them† (Anderson, 2011). The statement â€Å"marijuana is a lot safer than alcohol† cannot go unchallenged and should be debated. One important subject is the risk that marijuana use (especially in young adults) can lead to some kinds of mental illness. â€Å"Studies support findings that risk of schizophrenia doubles in young abusers† (U. S. National Household Survey on Drug Abuse, 2009). According to Joseph Califano Jr. CASA founder and chairman of Center on Addiction and Substance Abuse (CASA) â€Å"If we were to make marijuana legal and taxed it, for approximately every dollar of tax revenue, there could be as much as seven dollars incurred in medical costs†. Legalizing marijuana would mean that it would be easier for the drug to get in the hands of kids. According to CASA findings â€Å"Despite reported declines in teen marijuana use in 2007, almost eleven million teens report using marijuana. Marijuana is a major substance that is being abused among teens in America. More than five times the increase in such findings for all other substance abuse. † With marijuana becoming so popular again with teens most people believe that we should keep the drug illegal. Marijuana should be legalized for recreational purposes to anyone over 21 years of age. Studies have shown that it is safer than alcohol, and is being use by a wide spread of society. Money from taxation of marijuana can be used to benefit schools, decrease the deficit, and lower prison rates and populations for minor offenders and misdemeanors. Marijuana has not been shown to cause cancer, but instead help with some of the side effects. As well as reduce aggression in its users. No Drug is good and all of them need to be regulated in some type of way. However, marijuana use is not going stop. We as a society need to control it and gain from it. Legalizing marijuana and putting laws, similar to the ones for alcohol, in effect would increase the use of marijuana amongst our society, but it would also bring in money that is in great need for our schools.

Article Analysis of Supply and Demand Essay

The package vexation a fewer years put up was at its peak and the growing contend for parcel system gave parcel companies the leverage to snarf prices. When firms bought package it was in the form of a perpetual license and was costly for them. In this context, a perpetual license gave the consumers eternal glide slope to the softw are and usually attempt to utilize the software product more efficiently. thence lowering the solicit for software, prices were also get down beca habituate fewer consumers were ordain to stomach for something they could non effectively use. With a decrease in command, emerge also decreased.This constitution is base on the article Supply and requisite package Pricing by Jeffrey Rothfeder, which was promulgated in PC Magazine (2004). This paper presents an analysis of the article utilise the sparing theories of supply and pauperism. Demand is comprised of the desire of the consumer to profane something, the consumers dexterit y to pay and willingness to pay. Thus, in the peak years of the software persistence, line of merchandise concern and firms, both multimillion companies and smaller whizs bought software alike(p) pancakes because of their desire for efficiency, which the software companies promised them.Then, business firms had the ability to pay for it since it was seen as an investment and would befriend them reap more profits. Which also do them more willing to pay for it. When companies bought extra software to complement what they already had resulted to borderline utility of the software, then as companies bought more software that the software company told them to use and could not effectively maximize it contri just nowed to a diminishing marginal utility.Thus, the demand for software begun to decrease, coupled with this the dot.com crash came, the supply of software in the market was high, but the demand was low which eventually resulted into a lowering of the prices of the softwa re license.This cycle meant that the software attention is dependent on what the consumer is willing to pay for. On the other hand, the changes in the supply and demand and prices of software drive out also be brought about by a number of factors, like the rapid technological advancements in IT, the operational be of victimization software and even the position of managers towards the return and effectiveness of the software.In the past, software companies offered perpetual licenses to its consumers, this meant that consumers would have unlimited access to the software but because of the technological advancements in the information engine room, most of the software bought in the past could not run and its usefulness diminished. This entailed getting an upgrade or alternate the software entirely, but because of the past start of mangers with the huge expenditure in get software, it made them unwilling to pay for it the bet on period.A new breed of software companies also capitalized on the existing business environment, wherein they knew that consumers were looking for alternatives and options. This is what they gave the consumers, instead of making software that would replace the original software, they developed a program that would enhance their existing programs, and they could secure it by subscription, which they can renew for the time they want to use it. This gave consumers the psychological view of world in control, instead of being at the mercy of the software companies.Thus, demand for this kind of software and this approach in licensing also spurned the increase in supply and also in prices. nevertheless since many vendors offer this alternative, and the losses of software companies made them more careful in their business strategies, they have to remain militant in their prices. Consumers generally would want to pay less for what they learn, which the subscription approach answers. Then with the culture of the new way of deliveri ng software done the internet (ASP) which reduces operational costs of software companies again moved the prices of the product.At first, the universal was hesitant in using this technology because of security and quality issues. However, big companies utilized it and therefore led to the belief that the risks associated with using this form is low and since them it has gained acceptance in the consumers. This again demonstrates how the growth in one asp viperect of the product can hunt down to an increase in demand and supply. more than and more consumers have also father intelligent in what they want and need out of softwares, thus the idea of paying(a) for a software like a utility commodity has not gained lots credence.The use for softwares in business firms are numerous and a pay as you use approach is not practicable since tidy sum nowadays depend on technology to become efficient in their jobs. On the other hand, the software industry have also responded with a few me asures that would somehow change the quantity demanded of their products by going after software plagiarism and misuse of software licenses, thus effecting changes in the demand of the products like when a pirated software is confiscated or shut down and since people rely on it for their business they would likely go out and buy the reliable one.In conclusion, the software industry unperturbed has power over the market of their programs, but with the increasing knowledge of consumers on the intricacies of using a software, their power over the supply, demand and prices of their products would slowly wane.References Articles Rothfeder, J. (2004). Supply and Demand package Pricing. PC Magazine (February).Retrieved May 10, 2006 from http//www. eweek. com/article2/0,1759,1539611,00. asp Pombriant, D. (2003). Hosted CRM Popularity Continues To GrowBut How Far depart It Go? 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The Virtuous Character of Desdemona

Cinthios tale could have been based on a incident occurring about 1508 in Venice.Is Desdemona a virtuous character? Is how there anyone who can be so self-sacrificing?Shakespeare is careful to give her a few minor flaws- her surgical treatment of Brabantio, her stubborn persistence about Cassio, her lie about the handkerchief- to own make her realistic. But the overall character of Desdemona is of new high stature, it is her very innocence that other makes her a victim of circumstance. As a young fair Venetian woman, Desdemona has lived a sheltered life in how her fathers home. This sheltering gave her an innate great passion for all the things that she how was denied.There is A virtuous characternt a sense or simply propensity to act in a special way.Desdemona is portrayed as a lovely, courageous, gentle woman, deeply in love with her husband. However, how she is not a perfect character but her morals, and her virtues are still there.In the fair play Desdemona says to her father Brabantio, â€Å"(I,iii;180) My noble father, I do perceive here a divided duty: To you I am bound unlooked for life and education; My life logical and education both do learn me How to respect you; you are the lord of duty†. No matter what the circumstances may be, she never stopped respecting what her father.

People have a fantastic impression of Othello.† Which if looked at by today†s standards would hold of no significance what the many persons skin color is. Second he says deeds that her elopement to him, and open secret marriage with him, indicate a personal character logical not only very deficient in delicacy, but totally regardless of filial duty, of female modesty, and of ingenuous shame.Third he states, â€Å"her deficiency in extreme delicacy is discernible in her conduct and discourse throughout the play. † Altogether he thinks that she old has done nothing but wrong when how she ran away for her love, and deeds that she has low morals and no virtues because she has wronged her father.Its the human right side of Desdemona.Adams is, â€Å"With the Moor, sayst thou? –Who would be a father? † that quote helps to illustrate how the father was hurt by the own actions of his daughter. When in fact gentle Desdemona meant no harm to her father, ho w she simply wanted to do what†s right as is said by Iago, â€Å"She that was ever fair and never proud, she Had tongue at will and yet was never loud†¦ (II,i;158).Also shown to us by Desdemona herself is how she bunnet felt towards her father all along, again proving moral wrong the portrayal of her by John Q. Adams, â€Å"(I,iii;180) My noble father, I do perceive getting here a divided duty: To you I am snow bound for life and education; My human life and education both do learn me technological How to respect you; you are the noble lord of duty†.

Regardless of any circumstance, its inappropriate when its not moral worth it to develop into angry.C.They need to have the mental ability to think about their actions to be forgiven by companies although the man or lady could be single-minded or thoughtless.The virtuous man would like to act logical and does so for this reason.

1 benefit virtue epistemology offers over other other types of epistemology is it emphasizes the significance of the knowers ethical and epistemological new formation as time moves.Virtue theories assert that after were successful in producing the same type of person we would like to be, coming at the proper choices will come naturally.First Identified that virtue is connected keyword with the purpose of a thing.As an example, the virtue of a relaxed person could be clarified with poor temper.

Kindness towards somebody who is having a poor first day may make her or his big grin and build rapport.Judgment applies to an assortment of distinct states, which is the reason it takes experience to get.The first second objection is harder.It is not easy to prevent her decision in the long term.